Home Physical Sciences Nuclear and chemical characterization of heavy actinides
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Nuclear and chemical characterization of heavy actinides

  • Yuichiro Nagame EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 25, 2019

Abstract

Recent progress in the production of heavy nuclei far from stability and in the studies of nuclear and chemical properties of heavy actinides is briefly reviewed. Exotic nuclear decay properties including nuclear fission of heavy nuclei, measurements of first ionization potentials of heavy actinides, and redox studies of heavy actinides are described. Brief history of discovery of the transuranium elements is also presented.

References

1. Öhrström, L., Reedijk, J.: Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC recommendations 2016). Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 1225 (2016).10.1515/pac-2016-0501Search in Google Scholar

2. https://iupac.org/united-nations-proclaims-international-year-periodic-table-chemical-elements/; The United Nations proclaims the international year of the periodic table of chemical elements.Search in Google Scholar

3. Seaborg, G. T.: The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements. Chem. Eng. News 23, 2190 (1945).10.1142/9789812795953_0007Search in Google Scholar

4. Seaborg, G. T.: The transuranium elements, Science 104, 379 (1946).10.1126/science.104.2704.379Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Seaborg, G. T., Loveland, W.: The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1990).Search in Google Scholar

6. Seaborg, G. T.: Transuranium elements: the synthetic actinides. Radiochim. Acta 70/71, 69 (1995).10.1524/ract.1995.7071.special-issue.69Search in Google Scholar

7. Seaborg, G. T.: Evolution of the modern periodic table. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 3899 (1996).10.1039/dt9960003899Search in Google Scholar

8. Hoffman, D. C., Ghiorso, A., Seaborg, G. T.: The transuranium people – the inside story. Imperial College Press, Singapore (2000).10.1142/p074Search in Google Scholar

9. Hofmann, S.: On beyond uranium – Journey to the end of the periodic table. Taylor & Francis, London (2002).10.4324/9780203300985Search in Google Scholar

10. Morss, L. R., Edelstein, N. M., Fuger, J., Katz, J. J. (Eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 3rd Ed., Springer, Dordrecht (2006).10.1007/1-4020-3598-5Search in Google Scholar

11. Türler, A., Pershina, V.: Advances in the production and chemistry of the heaviest elements. Chem. Rev. 113, 1237 (2013).10.1021/cr3002438Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Nagame, Y., Hirata, M., Nakahara, H.: Production and Chemistry of Transuranium Elements. In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemsitry, Vol. 2, 2nd Edn., Vértes, A., Nagy, S., Klencsár, Z., Lovas, R. G., Rösch, F. (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003), p. 818–875.Search in Google Scholar

13. Nagame, Y., Hirata, M.: Production and properties of transuranium elements. Radiochim. Acta 99, 377 (2011).10.1524/ract.2011.1853Search in Google Scholar

14. Hulet, E. K.: Chemistry of the elements einsteinium through element-105. Radiochim. Acta 32, 7 (1983).10.1524/ract.1983.32.13.7Search in Google Scholar

15. Keller, Jr., O. L.: Chemistry of heavy actinides and light transactinides. Radiochim. Acta 37, 169 (1984).10.1524/ract.1984.37.4.169Search in Google Scholar

16. Barber, R. C., Greenwood, N. N., Hrynkiewicz, A. Z., Jeannin, Y. P., Lefrot, M., Sakai, M., Ulehla, I., Wapstra, A. H., Wilkinson, D. H.: Discovery of the transfermium elements. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 29, 453 (1992).10.1016/0146-6410(92)90008-PSearch in Google Scholar

17. Thoennessen, M.: Discovery of isotopes of elements with Z≥100. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 99, 312 (2013).10.1016/j.adt.2012.03.003Search in Google Scholar

18. Hamilton, J. H., Hofmann, S., Oganessian, Y. T.: Search for superheavy nuclei. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63, 383 (2013).10.1146/annurev-nucl-102912-144535Search in Google Scholar

19. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, U. K., Superheavy nuclei from 48Ca-induced reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 62 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.003Search in Google Scholar

20. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, U. K.: Super-heavy element research. Rep. Prog. Phys. 78, 036301 (2015).10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Roberto, J. B., Alexander, C. W., Boll, R. A., Burn, J. D., Ezold, J. G., Felker, L. K., Hogle, S. L., Rykaczewski, K. P.: Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 99 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009Search in Google Scholar

22. Kratz, J. V., Loveland, W., Moody, K. J.: Synthesis of transuranium isotopes with atomic numbers Z≤103 in multi-nucleon transfer reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 117 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.004Search in Google Scholar

23. Schädel, M., Kratz, J. V., Ahrens, H., Brüchle, W., Franz, G., Gäggeler, H., Warnecke, I., Wirth, G., Herrmann, G., Trautmann, N., Weis, M.: Isotope distributions in the reaction of 238U with 238U. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 469 (1978).10.1103/PhysRevLett.41.469Search in Google Scholar

24. Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Gäggeler, H., Kratz, J. V., Sümmerer, K., Wirth, G., Herrmann, G., Stakemann, R., Tittel, G., Trautmann, N., Nitschke, J. M., Hulet, E. K., Lougheed, R. W., Hahn, R. L., Ferguson, R. L.: Actinide production in collisions of 238U with 248Cm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 852 (1982).10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.852Search in Google Scholar

25. Kratz, J. V., Schädel, M., Gäggeler, H. W.: Reexamining the heavy-ion reactions 238U+238U and 238U+ 248Cm and actinide production close to the barrier. Phys. Rev. C 88, 054615 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevC.88.054615Search in Google Scholar

26. Lougheed, R. W., Hulet, E. K., Wild, J. F., Moody, K. J., Dougan, R. J., Gannett, C. M., Henderson, R. A., Hoffman, D. C., Lee, D. M.: The discovery and spontaneous fission of properties of 262No, In: Proceedings of 50 Years with Nuclear Fission, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., and National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, Vol. II, La Grange Park, IL: American Nuclear Society (1989), pp. 694–697.Search in Google Scholar

27. Zagrebaev, V., Greiner, W.: Production of new heavy isotopes in low-energy multinucleon transfer reactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 122701 (2008).10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.122701Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Zagrebaev, V., Greiner, W.: New way for the production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 35, 125103 (2008).10.1088/0954-3899/35/12/125103Search in Google Scholar

29. Dvorak, J., Block, M., Düllmann, Ch. E., Heinz, S., Herzberg, R.-D., Schädel, M.: IRiS – Exploring new frontiers in neutron-rich isotopes of the heaviest elements with a new inelastic reaction isotope separator. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 652, 687 (2011).10.1016/j.nima.2010.08.124Search in Google Scholar

30. Watanabe, Y. X., Hirayama, Y., Imai, N., Ishiyama, H., Jeong, S. C., Miyatake, H., Clement, E., de France, G., Navin, A., Rejmund, M., Schmitt, C., Pollarolo, G., Corradi, L., Fioretto, E., Montanari, D., Choi, S. H., Kim, Y. H., Song, J. S., Niikura, M., Suzuki, D., Nishibata, H., Takatsu, J.: Study of collisions of 136Xe+198Pt for the KEK isotope separator. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 317, 752 (2013).10.1016/j.nimb.2013.04.036Search in Google Scholar

31. Itkis, M. G., Vardaci, E., Itkis, I. M., Knyazheva, G. N., Kozulin, E. M.: Fusion and fission of heavy and superheavy nuclei (experiment). Nucl. Phys. A 944, 204 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.007Search in Google Scholar

32. Hinde, D. J.: Fusion and quasifission in superheavy element synthesis. Nucl. Phys. News 28, 13 (2018).10.1080/10619127.2017.1388688Search in Google Scholar

33. Erler, J., Birge, N., Kortelainen, M., Nazarewicz, W.: The limits of the nuclear landscape. Nature 486, 509 (2012).10.1038/nature11188Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Huang, W. J., Audi, G., Wang, M., Kondev, F. G., Naimi, S., Xu X.: The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data; and adjustment procedures. Chin. Phys. C 41, 030002 (2017).10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030002Search in Google Scholar

35. Wang, M., Audi, G., Kondev, F. G., Huang, W. J., Naimi, S., Xu X.: The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references. Chin. Phys. C 41, 030003 (2017).10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003Search in Google Scholar

36. Block, M.: Direct mass measurements of the heaviest elements with Penning traps. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 471 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.009Search in Google Scholar

37. Block, M.: Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure. Radiochim. Acta 107, 603 (2019).10.1515/ract-2019-0002Search in Google Scholar

38. Block, M., Ackermann, D., Blaum, K., Droese, C., Dworschak, M., Eliseev, S., Fleckenstein, T., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Heßberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Ketter, J., Kluge, H.-J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Novikov, Yu. N., Plaß, W. R., Popeko, A., Rahaman, S., Rodríguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P. G., Vorobyev, G. K., Weber, C.: Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability. Nature 463, 785 (2010).10.1038/nature08774Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Ramirez, E. M., Ackermann, D., Blaum, K., Block, M., Droese, C., Düllmann, Ch. E., Dworschak, M., Eibach, M., Eliseev, S., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Heßberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Nesterenko, M., Novikov, Yu. N., Plaß, W. R., Rodríguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P. G., Weber, C.: Direct mapping of nuclear shell effects in the heaviest elements. Science 337, 1207 (2012).10.1126/science.1225636Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Ito, Y., Schury, P., Wada, M., Arai, F., Haba, H., Hirayama, Y., Ishizawa, S., Kaji, D., Kimura, S., Koura, H., MacCormick, M., Miyatake, H., Moon, J. Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Mukai, M., Meurray, I., Niwase, T., Okada, K., Ozawa, A., Rosenbusch, M., Takamine, A., Tanaka, T., Watanabe, Y. X., Wollnik, H., Yamaki, S.: First direct mass measurements of nuclides around Z=100 with a multireflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 152501 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.152501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Möller, P., Sierk, A. J., Ichikawa, T., Iwamoto, A., Mumpower, M.: Fission barriers at the end of the chart of the nuclides. Phys. Rev. C 91, 024310 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevC.91.024310Search in Google Scholar

42. Asai, M., Heßberger, F. P., Lopez-Martens, A.: Nuclear structure of elements 100≤Z≤109 from alpha spectroscopy. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 308 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.011Search in Google Scholar

43. Theisen, Ch., Greenlees, P. T., Khoo, T.-L., Chowdhury, P., Ishii, T.: In-beam spectroscopy of heavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 333 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.014Search in Google Scholar

44. Dobaczewski, J., Afanasjev, A. V., Bender, M., Robledo, L. M., Shi, Y.: Properties of nuclei in the nobelium region studied within the covariant, Skyrme, and Gogny energy density functions. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 388 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.015Search in Google Scholar

45. Heenen, P.-H., Skalski, J., Staszczak, A., Vretenar, D.: Shapes and α- and β- decays of superheavy nuclei. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 415 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.016Search in Google Scholar

46. Baran, A., Kowal, M., Reinhard, P.-G., Robledo, L. M., Staszczak, A., Warda, M.: Fission barriers and probabilities of spomtaneous fission for elements with Z≥100. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 442 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.002Search in Google Scholar

47. Leino, M., Heßberger, F. P.: The nuclear structure of heavy-actinide and trans actinide nuclei. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 54, 175 (2004).10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110332Search in Google Scholar

48. Herzberg, R.-D., Greenlees, P. T.: In-beam and decay spectroscopy of transfermium nuclei. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. Phys. 61, 674 (2008).10.1016/j.ppnp.2008.05.003Search in Google Scholar

49. Herzberg, R.-D., Cox, D. M.: Spectroscopy of actinide and transactinide nuclei. Radiochim. Acta 99, 441 (2011).10.1524/ract.2011.1858Search in Google Scholar

50. Sobiczewski, A., Pomorski, K.: Description of structure and properties of superheavy nuclei. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 58, 292 (2007).10.1016/j.ppnp.2006.05.001Search in Google Scholar

51. Rudolph, D., Forsberg, U., Golubev, P., Sarmiento, L. G., Yakushev, A., Andersson, L.-L., Di Nitto, A., Düllmann, Ch. E., Gates, J. M., Gregorich, K. E., Gross, C. J., Heßberger, F. P., Herzberg, R.-D., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kratz, J. V., Rykaczewski, K., Schädel, M., Åberg, S., Ackermann, D., Block, M., Brand, H., Carlsson, B. G., Cox, D., Derkx, X., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Fahlander, C., Gerl, J., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Kojouharov, I., Kurz, N., Lommel, B., Mistry, A., Mokry, C., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J. P., Papadakis, P., Ragnarsson, I., Runke, J., Schaffner, H., Schausten, B., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Torres, T., Traut, T., Trautmann, N., Turler, A., Ward, A., Ward, D. E., Wiehl, N.: Spectroscopy of element 115 decay chains. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.112502Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Gates, J. M., Gregorich, K. E., Gothe, O. R., Uribe, E. C., Pang, G. K., Bleuel, D. L., Block, M., Clark, R. D., Campbell, C. M., Crawford, H. L., Cromaz, M., Di Nitto, A., Düllmann, Ch. E., Esker, N. E., Fahlander, C., Fallon, P., Farjadi, R. M., Forsberg, U., Khuyagbaatar, J., Loveland, W., Macchiavelli, A. O., May, E. M., Mudder, P. R., Olive, D. T., Rice, A. C., Rissanen, J., Rudolph, D., Sarmiento, L. G., Shusterman, J. A., Stoyer, M. A., Wiens, A., Yakushev, A. Nitsche, H.: Decay spectroscopy of element 115 daughters: 280Rg→276Mt and 276Mt→272Bh. Phys. Rev. C 92, 021301 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevC.92.021301Search in Google Scholar

53. Gates, J. M., Pang, G. K., Pore, J. L., Gregorich, K. E., Kwarsick, J. T., Savard, G., Esker, N. E., Kireeff Covo, M., Mogannam, M. J., Batchelder, J. C., Bleuel, D. L., Clark, R. M., Crawford, H. L., Fallon, P., Hubbard, K. K., Hurst, A. M., Kolaja, I. T., Macchiavelli, A. O., Morse, C., Orford, R., Phair, L., Stoyer, M. A.: First direct measurements of superheavy-element mass numbers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 222501 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.222501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Walker, P., Dracoulis, G.: Energy traps in atomic nuclei. Nature 399, 35 (1999).10.1038/19911Search in Google Scholar

55. Herzberg, R.-D., Greenless, P. T., Butler, P. A., Jones, G. D., Venhart, M., Darby, I. G., Eeckhaudt, S., Eskola, K., Grahn, T., Gray-Jones, C., Hessberger, F. P., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Ketelhut, S., Korten, W., Leino, M., Leppänen, A.-P., Moon, S., Nyman, M., Page, R. D., Pakarinen, J., Pritchard, A., Rahkila, P., Sarén, J., Scholey, C., Steer, A., Sun, Y., Theisen, Ch., Uusitalo, J.: Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability. Nature 442, 896 (2006).10.1038/nature05069Search in Google Scholar

56. Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F. P., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Cagarda, P., Ćwiok, S., Kindler, B., Kojouharova, J., Lommel, B., Mann, R., Münzenberger, G., Popeko, A. G., Saro, S., Schött, H. J., Yeremin, A. V.: The new isotope 270110 and its decay products 266Hs and 262Sg. Eur. Phys. J. A 10, 5 (2001).10.1007/s100500170137Search in Google Scholar

57. David, H. M., Chen, J., Seweryniak, D., Kondev, F. G., Gates, J. M., Gregorich, K. E., Ahmad, I., Albers, M., Alcorta, M., Back, B. B., Baartman, B., Bertone, P. F., Bernstein, L. A., Campbell, C. M., Carpenter, M. P., Chiara, C. J., Clark, R. M., Cromaz, M., Doherty, D. T., Dracoulis, G. D., Esker, N. E., Fallon, P., Gothe, O. R., Greene, J. P., Greenlees, P. T., Hartley, D. J., Hauschild, K., Hoffman, C. R., Hota, S. S., Janssens, R. V. F., Khoo, T. L., Konki, J., Kwarsick, J. T., Lauritsen, T., Macchiavelli, A. O., Mudder, P. R., Nair, C., Qiu, Y., Rissanen, J., Rogers, A. M., Ruotsalainen, P., Savard, G., Stolze, S., Wiens, A., Zhu, S.: Decay and fission hindrance of two- and four-quasiparticle K isomers in 254Rf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 132502 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.132502Search in Google Scholar

58. Bjørnholm. S., Lynn, J. E.: The double-humped fission barrier. Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 725 (1980).10.1103/RevModPhys.52.725Search in Google Scholar

59. Thirolf, P. G., Habs, D.: Spectroscopy in the second and third minimum of actinide nuclei. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 49, 325 (2002).10.1016/S0146-6410(02)00158-8Search in Google Scholar

60. von der Wense, L. Seiferle, B., Laatiaoui, M., Neumayr, J. B., Maier, H.-J., Wirth, H.-F., Mokry, C., Runke, J., Eberhardt, K., Düllmann, Ch. E., Trautmann, N. G., Thirolf, P. G.: Direct detection of the 229Th nuclear clock transition. Nature 533, 47 (2016).10.1038/nature17669Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Thielking, J., Okhapkin, M. V., Glowacki, P., Meier, D. M., von der Wense, L. Seiferle, B., Düllmann, Ch. E., Thirolf, P. G., Peik, E.: Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer 229mTh. Nature 556, 321 (2018).10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Safronova, M.: In search of the nuclear clock. Nat. Phys. 14, 198 (2018).10.1038/nphys4349Search in Google Scholar

63. Seiferle, B., von der Wense, L. Thirolf, P. G.: Lifetime measurement of the 229Th nuclear isomer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 042501 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Ludlow, A. D., Boyd, M. M., Ye, J., Peik, E., Schmidt, P. O.: Optical atomic clocks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 637 (2015).10.1103/RevModPhys.87.637Search in Google Scholar

65. Andreyev, A. N., Nishio, K., Schmidt, K.-H.: Nuclear fission: a review of experimental advances and phenomenology. Rep. Prog. Phys. 81, 016301 (2018).10.1088/1361-6633/aa82ebSearch in Google Scholar

66. Schmidt, K.-H., Jurado, B.: Review on the progress in nuclear fission – Experimental methods and theoretical descriptions. Rep. Prog. Phys. 81, 106301 (2018).10.1088/1361-6633/aacfa7Search in Google Scholar

67. Hall, H. L., Hoffmanm D. C.: Delayed fission. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 42, 147 (1992).10.1146/annurev.ns.42.120192.001051Search in Google Scholar

68. Andreyev, A., Huyse, M., Van Duppen, P.: Beta-delayed fission of atomic nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1541 (2013).10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1541Search in Google Scholar

69. Cowan, J. J., Thielemann, F.-K., Truran, J. W.: The r-process and nucleochronology. Phys. Rep. 208, 267 (1991).10.1016/0370-1573(91)90070-3Search in Google Scholar

70. Andreyev, A. N., Elseviers, J., Huyse, M., Van Duppen, P., Antalic, S., Barzakh, A., Bree, N., Cocolios, T. E., Comas, V. F., Diriken, J., Fedorov, D., Fedosseev, V., Franchoo, S., Heredia, J. A., Ivanov, O., Köster, U., Marsh, B. A., Nishio, K., Page, R. D., Patronis, N., Seliverstov, M., Tsekhanovich, I., Van den Bergh, P., Van den Walle, J., Venhart, M., Vermote, S., Veselsky, M., Wagemans, C., Ichikawa, T., Iwamoto, A., Möller, P., Sierk, A. J.: New type of asymmetric fission in proton-rich nuclei. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252502 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252502Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Wilson, G. L., Takeyama, M., Andreyev, A. N., Andel, B., Antalic, S., Catford, W. N., Ghys, L., Haba, H., Heßberger, F. P., Huang, M., Kaji, D., Kalaninova, Z., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Murakami, M., Nishio, K., Orlandi, R., Smith, A. G., Tanaka, K., Wakabayashi, Y., Yamaki, S.: β-delayed fission of 230Am. Phys. Rev. C 96, 044315 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevC.96.044315Search in Google Scholar

72. Konki, J., Khuyagbaatar, J., Uusitalo, J., Greenlees, P. T., Auranen, K., Badran, H., Block, M., Briselet, R., Cox, D. M., Dasgupta, M., Di Nitto, A., Dullmann, Ch. E., Grahn, T., Hauschild, K., Herzán, A., Herzberg, R.-D., Heßberger, F. P., Hinde, D. J., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Krier, J., Leino, M., Lommel, B., Lopez-Martens, A., Luong, D. H., Mallaburn, M., Nishio, K., Pakarinen, J., Papadakis, P., Partanen, J., Peura, P., Rahkila, P., Rezynkina, K., Ruotsalainen, P., Sandzelius, M., Sarén, J., Scholey, C., Sorri, J., Stolze, S., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Ward, A., Yakushev, A., Yakusheva, V.: Towards saturation of the electron-capture delayed fission probability: The new isotopes 240Es and 236Bk. Phys. Lett. B 764, 265 (2017).10.1016/j.physletb.2016.11.038Search in Google Scholar

73. Léguillon, R., Nishio, K., Hirose, K., Makii, H., Nishinaka, I., Orlandi, R., Tsukada, K., Smallcombe, J., Chiba, S., Aritomo, Y., Ohtsuki, T., Tatsuzawa, R., Takaki, N., Tamura, N., Goto, S., Tsekhanovich, I., Petrache, C. M., Andreyev, A. N.: Fission fragments mass distributions of nuclei populated by the multinucleon transfer channels of the 18O+232Th reaction. Phys. Lett. B 761, 125 (2016).10.1016/j.physletb.2016.08.010Search in Google Scholar

74. Hirose, K., Nishio, K., Tanaka, S., Léguillon, R., Makii, H., Nishinaka, I., Orlandi, R., Tsukada, K., Smallcombe, J., Vermeulen, M. J., Chiba, S., Aritomo, Y., Ohtsuki, T., Nakano, K., Araki, S., Watanabe, Y., Tatsuzawa, R., Takaki, N., Tamura, N., Goto, S., Tsekhanovich, I., Andreyev, A. N.: Role of multichance fission in the description of fission-fragment mass distributions at high energies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 222501 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.222501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Heßberger, F. P., Spontaneous fission properties of superheavy elements. Eur. Phys. J. A 53, 75 (2017).10.1140/epja/i2017-12260-3Search in Google Scholar

76. Hoffman, D. C., Holden, N. E.: Spontaneous fission half-lives for ground state nuclides. Pure Appl. Chem. 72, 1525 (2000).10.1351/pac200072081525Search in Google Scholar

77. Hoffman, D. C., Lane, M. R.: Spontaneous fission. Radiochim. Acta 70/71, 135 (1995).10.1201/9781351075381-1Search in Google Scholar

78. Balagna, J. P., Ford, G. P., Hoffman, D. C., Knight, J. D.: Mass symmetry in the spontaneous fission of 257Fm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 145 (1971).10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.145Search in Google Scholar

79. Hulet, E. K., Wild, J. F., Dougan, R. J., Lougheed, R. W., Landrum, J. H., Dougan, A. D., Schädel, M., Hahn, R. L., Baisden, P. A., Henderson, C. M., Dupzyk, R. J., Sümmerer, K., Bethune, G. R.: Bimodal symmetric fission observed in the heaviest elements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 313 (1986).10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.313Search in Google Scholar

80. Hulet, E. K., Wild, J. F., Dougan, R. J., Lougheed, R. W., Landrum, J. H., Dougan, A. D., Baisden, P. A., Henderson, C. M., Dupzyk, R. J., Hahn, R. L., Schädel, M., Sümmerer, K., Bethune, G. R.: Spontaneous fission properties of 258Fm, 259Md, 260Md, 258No, and 260[104]: Bimodal fission. Phys. Rev. C 40, 770 (1989).10.1103/PhysRevC.40.770Search in Google Scholar

81. Ćwiok, S., Rozmej, P., Sobiczewski, A., Patyk, Z.: Two fission modes of the heavy fermium isotopes. Nucl. Phys. A491, 281 (1989).10.1016/0375-9474(89)90703-3Search in Google Scholar

82. Ichikawa, T., Iwamoto, A., Möller, P.: Origin of the narrow, single peak in the fission-fragment mass distribution for 258Fm. Phys. Rev. C 79, 014305 (2009).10.1103/PhysRevC.79.014305Search in Google Scholar

83. Staszczak, A., Baran, A., Dobaczewski, J., Nazarewicz, W.: Microscopic description of complex nuclear decay: multimodal fission. Phys. Rev. C 80, 014309 (2009).10.1103/PhysRevC.80.014309Search in Google Scholar

84. Nagame, Y., Nishinaka, I., Tsukada, K., Oura, Y., Ichikawa, S., Ikezoe, H., Zhao, Y. L., Sueki, K., Nakahara, H., Tanikawa, M., Ohtsuki, T., Kudo, H., Hamajima, Y., Takamiya, K., Chung, Y. H.: Two deformation paths in proton-induced fission of 232Th. Phys. Lett. B387, 26 (1996).10.1016/0370-2693(96)01027-1Search in Google Scholar

85. Ohtsuki, T., Nagame, Y., Nakahara, H.: Bimodal nature of nuclear fission. In: Greiner, W., Gupta, R. J. (Eds.), Heavy Elements and Related New Phenomena Vol. 1 (1999), World Scientific, Singapore, p. 507–535.10.1142/9789812816634_0014Search in Google Scholar

86. Nagame, Y., Nakahara, H., Two-mode fission – Experimental verification and characterization of two fission-modes. Radiochim. Acta 100, 605 (2012).10.1524/ract.2012.1968Search in Google Scholar

87. Möller, P., Madland, D. G., Sierk, A. J., Iwamoto, A.: Nuclear fission modes and fragment mass asymmetries in a five-dimensional deformation space. Nature 409, 785 (2001).10.1038/35057204Search in Google Scholar

88. Zhao, Y. L., Nishinaka, I., Nagame, Y., Tanikawa, M., Tsukada, K., Ichikawa, S., Sueki, K., Oura, Y., Ikezoe, H., Mitsuoka, S., Kudo. H., Ohtsuki, T., Nakahara, H.: Symmetric and asymmetric scission properties- Identical shape elongations of fissioning nuclei. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3408 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3408Search in Google Scholar

89. Zhao, Y. L., Nagame, Y., Nishinaka, I., Sueki, K., Nakahara, H.: Degree of deformation at scission and correlated fission properties of atomic nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 62, 014612 (2000).10.1103/PhysRevC.62.014612Search in Google Scholar

90. Wilkins, B. D., Steinberg, E. P., Chasman, R. R.: Scission-point model of nuclear fission based on deformed-shell effects. Phys. Rev. C 14, 1832 (1976).10.1103/PhysRevC.14.1832Search in Google Scholar

91. Dematte, L., Wagemans, C., Barthelemy, R., D’hondt, P., Deruytter, A.: Fragments’ mass and energy characteristics in the spontaneous fission of 236Pu, 238Pu, 240Pu, 242Pu, and 244Pu. Nucl. Phys. A 617, 331 (1997).10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00032-8Search in Google Scholar

92. Brosa, U., Grossmann, S., Müller, A.: Nuclear scission. Phys. Rep. 197, 167 (1990).10.1016/0370-1573(90)90114-HSearch in Google Scholar

93. Randrup, J., Möller, P.: Brownian shape motion on five-dimensional potential-energy surfaces: Nuclear fission-fragment mass distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 132503 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.132503Search in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Randrup, J., Möller, P., Sierk, A. J.: Fission-fragment mass distributions from strongly damped shape evolution. Phys. Rev. C 84, 034613 (2011).10.1103/PhysRevC.84.034613Search in Google Scholar

95. Möller, P., Randrup, J.: Calculated fission-fragment yield systematics in the region 74≤Z≤94 and 90≤N≤150. Phys. Rev. C 91, 044316 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevC.91.044316Search in Google Scholar

96. Worden, E. F., Blaise, J., Fred, M., Trautmann, N., Wyart, J.-F.: Spectra and electronic structures of free actinide atoms and ions. In: Morss, L. R., Edelstein, N. M., Fuger, J., Katz, J. J. (Eds.), 3rd Ed., The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (2006), Vol. 3, Chap. 16, Springer, Dordrecht, p. 1836–1892.10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_16Search in Google Scholar

97. Pershina, V.: Theoretical Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. In: Schädel, M., Shaughnessy, D. (Eds.), 2nd Ed. The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (2014), Springer, Heidelberg, p. 135–239.10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_3Search in Google Scholar

98. Hertel, G. R.: Surface Ionization. II. The first ionization potential of uranium. J. Chem. Phys. 47, 335 (1967).10.1063/1.1711871Search in Google Scholar

99. Köhler, S., Deißenberger, R., Eberhardt, K., Erdmann, N., Herrmann, G., Huber, G., Kratz, J. V., Nunnemann, M., Passler, G., Rao, P. M., Riegel, J., Trautmann, N., Wendt, K.: Determination of the first ionization potential of actinide elements by resonance ionization mass spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 52, 717 (1997).10.1016/S0584-8547(96)01670-9Search in Google Scholar

100. Peterson, J. R., Erdmann, N., Nunnemann, M., Eberhardt, K., Huber, G., Kratz, J. V., Passler, G., Stetzer, O., Thörle, P., Trautmann, N., Waldek, A.: Determination of the first ionization potential of einsteinium by resonance ionization mass spectroscopy (RIMS), J. Alloys Compd. 271-273, 876 (1998).10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00238-2Search in Google Scholar

101. Wendt, K., Gottwald, T., Mattolat, C., Raeder, S.: Ionization potentials of the lanthanides and actinides – towards atomic spectroscopy of super-heavy elements. Hyp. Int. 227, 55 (2014).10.1007/s10751-014-1041-8Search in Google Scholar

102. Sato, T. K., Asai, M., Borshevsky, A., Stora, T., Sato, N., Kaneya, Y., Tsukada, K., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K., Eliav, E., Ichikawa, S., Kaldor, U., Kratz, J. V., Miyashita, S., Nagame, Y., Ooe, K., Osa, A., Renisch, D., Runke, J., Schädel, M., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Toyoshima, A., Trautmann, N., Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium, element 103. Nature 520, 209 (2015).10.1038/nature14342Search in Google Scholar PubMed

103. Brewer, L.: Energies of the electronic configurations of the lanthanide and actinide neutral atoms. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 1101 (1971).10.1364/JOSA.61.001101Search in Google Scholar

104. Desclaux, J.-P., Fricke, B.: Relativistic prediction of the ground state of atomic lawrencium. J. Physique 41, 943 (1980).10.1051/jphys:01980004109094300Search in Google Scholar

105. Sato, T. K., Sato, N., Asai, M., Tsukada, K., Toyoshima, A., Ooe, K., Miyashita, S., Schädel, M., Kaneya, Y., Nagame, Y., Osa, A., Ichikawa, S., Storal, T., Kratz, J. V.: First successful ionization of Lr (Z=103) by a surface-ionization technique. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 023304 (2013).10.1063/1.4789772Search in Google Scholar PubMed

106. Sato, T. K., Asai, M., Borschevsky, A., Beerwerth, R., Kaneya, Y., Makii, H., Mitsukai, A., Nagame, Y., Osa, A., Toyoshima, A., Tsukada, K., Sakama, M., Takeda, S., Ooe, K., Sato, D., Shigekawa, Y., Ichikawa, S., Düllmann, Ch. E., Grund, J., Renisch, D., Kratz, J. V., Schädel, M., Eliav, E., Kaldor, U., Fritzsche, S., Stora, T.: The first ionization potentials of Fm, Md, No, and Lr: Verification of filling-up of 5f electrons and confirmation of the actinide series. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 14609 (2018).10.1021/jacs.8b09068Search in Google Scholar PubMed

107. Jansen, W.: The position of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table. Found. Chem. 17, 23 (2015).10.1021/ed059p634Search in Google Scholar

108. Scerri, E.: Which elements belong in group 3 of the periodic table? Chem. Int. 38, 22 (2016).10.1515/ci-2016-0213Search in Google Scholar

109. Backe, H., Lauth, W., Block, M., Laatiaoui, M.: Prospects for laser spectroscopy, ion chemistry and mobility measurements of superheavy elements in buffer-gas traps. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 492 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.002Search in Google Scholar

110. Laatiaoui, M., Backe, H., Block, M., Heßberger, F. P., Kunz, P., Lautenschläger, F., Lauth, W., Sewtz, M., Walther, T.: On laser spectroscopy of the element nobelium (Z=102). Eur. Phys. J. D 68, 71 (2014).10.1140/epjd/e2014-40617-6Search in Google Scholar

111. Laatiaoui, M., Lauth, W., Backe, H., Block, M., Ackermann, D., Cheal, B., Chhetri, P., Düllmann, Ch. E., Van Duppen, P., Even, J., Ferrer, R., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Huyse, M., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Lautenschläger, F., Mistry, A. K., Raeder, S., Ramirez, E. M., Walther, T., Wraith, C., Yakushev, A.: Atom-at-a-time laser resonance ionization spectroscopy of nobelium. Nature 538, 495 (2016).10.1038/nature19345Search in Google Scholar PubMed

112. Chhetri, P., Ackermann, D., Backe, H., Block, M., Cheal, B., Droese, C., Düllmann, Ch. E., Even, J., Ferrer, R., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Huyse, M., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Laatiaoui, M., Lautenschläger, F., Lauth, W., Lecesne, N., Lens, L., Minaya Ramirez, E., Mistry, A. K., Raeder, S., Van Duppen, P., Walther, Th., Yakushev, A., Zhang, Z.: Precision measurement of the first ionization potential of nobelium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 3003-1 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.263003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

113. Albers, R. D.: An expanding view of plutonium. Nature 410, 759 (2001).10.1038/35071205Search in Google Scholar PubMed

114. Kratz, J. V., Lieser, K. H.: Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Vol. 2, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2013), p. 618.10.1002/9783527653331Search in Google Scholar

115. Benedict, U., Holzapfel, W. B.: High-pressure studies – structural aspects. In: Gschneidner, Jr., K. A., Eyring, L., Lander, G. H., Choppin, G. R. (Eds.), Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 17 – Lanthanides/Actinides: Physics – I (1993), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, p. 245–300.10.1016/S0168-1273(05)80030-3Search in Google Scholar

116. Savrasov, S. Y., Kotliar, G., Abrahams, E.: Correlated electrons in d-plutonium within a dynamical mean-field picture. Nature 410, 793 (2001).10.1038/35071035Search in Google Scholar PubMed

117. Hulet, E. K., Lougheed, R. W., Brady, J. D., Stone, R. E., Coops, M. S.: Mendelevium: divalency and other chemical properties. Science 158, 486 (1967).10.1126/science.158.3800.486Search in Google Scholar

118. Maly, J., Cunningham, B. B.: The amalgamation behavior of heavy elements. 2. Dipositive state of mendelevium. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 3, 445 (1967).10.1016/0020-1650(67)80103-XSearch in Google Scholar

119. Samhoun, K., David, F. Hahn, R. L., O’Kelley, G. D., Tarrant, J. R., Hobart, D. E.: Electrochemical study of mendelevium in aqueous solution: no evidence for monovalent ions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 41, 1749 (1979).10.1016/0022-1902(79)80117-7Search in Google Scholar

120. Guseva, L. I., Tikhomirova, G. S., Buklanov, G. V., Phar, Z. Z., Lebedev, I. A., Katargin, N. V., Myasoedov, B. F.: Isolation and ion exchanging behavior of mendelevium (II). J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett. 117, 205 (1987).10.1007/BF02165793Search in Google Scholar

121. Toyoshima, A., Li, Z. J., Asai, M., Sato, N., Sato, T. K., Kikuchi, T., Kaneya, Y., Kitatsuji, Y., Tsukada, K., Nagame, Y., Schädel, M., Ooe, K., Kasamatsu, Y. Shinohara, A., Haba, H., Even, J.: Measurement of Md3+/Md2+ reduction potential studied with flow electrolytic chromatography. Inorg. Chem. 52, 12311 (2013).10.1021/ic401571hSearch in Google Scholar

122. Hoffman, D. C., Henderson, R. A., Gregorich, K. E., Bennett, D. A., Chasteler, R. M., Gannett, C. M., Hall, H. L., Lee, D., Nurmia, M. J., Cai, S., Agarwal, R., Charlop, A. W., Chu, Y. Y., Seaborg, G. T., Silva, R. J.: Atom-at-a-time radiochemical separations of the heaviest elements: lawrencium chemistry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 124, 135 (1988).10.2172/6558297Search in Google Scholar

123. Scherer, U. W., Kratz, J. V., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Gregorich, K. E., Henderson, R. A., Lee, D., Nurmia, M., Hoffman, D. C.: Lawrencium chemistry: No evidence for oxidation states lower than 3+ in aqueous solution. Inorg. Chim. Acta 146, 249 (1988).10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80616-7Search in Google Scholar

124. Maly, J., Sikkeland, T., Silva, R., Ghiorso, A.: Nobelium: tracer chemistry of the divalent and trivalent ions. Science 160, 1114 (1968).10.1126/science.160.3832.1114Search in Google Scholar

125. Silva, R. J., Sikkeland, T., Nurmia, M., Ghiorso, A., Hulet, E. K.: Determination of the No (II) – No (III) potential from tracer experiments. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 31, 3405 (1969).10.1016/0022-1902(69)80323-4Search in Google Scholar

126. Bilewicz, A.: The ionic radius of No3+. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 3, 147 (2002).10.14494/jnrs2000.3.147Search in Google Scholar

127. Toyoshima, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Tsukada, K. Asai, M., Kitatsuji, Y., Ishii, Y., Toume, H., Nishinaka, I., Haba, H., Ooe, K., Sato, W., Shinohara, A., Akiyama, K., Nagame, Y.: Oxidation of element 102, nobelium, with flow electric column chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 9180 (2009).10.1021/ja9030038Search in Google Scholar

128. Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Jäger, E., Schimpf, E., Kratz, J. V., Scherer, U. W., Zimmermann, H. P.: ARCA II – A new apparatus for fast, repetitive HPLC separations. Radiochim. Acta 48, 171 (1989).10.1524/ract.1989.48.34.171Search in Google Scholar

129. Phillips, C. S. G., Williams, R. J. P.: Inorganis Chemistry, Vol. 2. Oxford Unversity Press, London (1966), p. 58.Search in Google Scholar

130. Silva, R. J., McDowell, W. J., Keller, O. L., Tarrant J. R.: Comparative solution chemistry, ionic radius, and single ion hydration energy of nobelium. Inorg. Chem. 13, 2233 (1974).10.1021/ic50139a034Search in Google Scholar

131. Toyoshima, A., Kasamatsu, Y., Kitatsuji, Y., Tsukada, K., Haba, H., Shinohara, A., Nagame, Y.: Development of an electrochemistry apparatus for the heaviest elements. Radiochim. Acta 96, 323 (2008).10.1524/ract.2008.1498Search in Google Scholar

132. Nagame, Y., Tsukada, K., Asai, M., Toyoshima, A., Akiyama, K., Ishii, Y., Kaneko-Sato, T., Hirata, M., Nishinaka, I., Ichikawa, S., Haba, H., Enomoto, S., Matsuo, K., Saika, D., Kitamoto, Y., Hasegawa, H., Tani, Y., Sato, W., Shinohara, A., Ito, M., Saito, J., Goto, S., Kudo, H., Kikunaga, H., Kinoshita, N., Yokoyama, A., Sueki, K., Oura, Y., Nakahara, H., Sakama, M., Schädel, M., Brüchle, W., Kratz, J. V.: Chemical studies on rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI. Radiochim. Acta 93, 519 (2005).10.1524/ract.2005.93.9-10.519Search in Google Scholar

133. Brüchle, W., Schädel, M., Scherer, U. W., Kratz, J. V., Gregorich, K. E., Lee, D., Nurmia, M., Chasteler, R. M., Hall, H. L., Henderson, R. A., Hoffman, D. C.: The hydration enthalpies of Md3+ and Lr3+. Inorg. Chim. Acta 146, 267 (1988).10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80619-2Search in Google Scholar

134. Templeton, D. H., Dauben, C. H.: Lattice parameters of some rare earth compounds and a set of crystal radii. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 5237 (1954).10.1021/ja01649a087Search in Google Scholar

135. D’Angelo, P., Martelli, F., Spezia, R., Filipponi, A., Denecke, A.: Hydration properties and ionic radii of actinide (III) ion in aqueous solution. Inorg. Chem. 52, 10318 (2013).10.1021/ic400678uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

136. Kratz, J. V.: The impact of the properties of the heaviest elements on the chemical and physical sciences. Radiochim. Acta 100, 569 (2012).10.1524/ract.2012.1963Search in Google Scholar

137. Silver, M. A., Cary, S. K., Johnson, J. A., Baumbach, R. E., Arico, A. A., Luckey, M., Urban, M., Wang, J. C., Polinski, M. J., Chemey, A., Liu G., Chen, K.-W., Van Cleve, S. M., Marsh, M. L., Eaton, T. M., van de Burgt, L. J., Gray, A. L., Hobart, D. E., Hanson, K., Maron, L., Gendron, F., Autschbach, J., Speldrich, M., Kögerler, P., Yang, P., Braley, J., Albrecht-Schmitt, T. E.: Characterization of berkelium(III) dipicolinate and borate compounds in solution and the solid state. Science 353, 6302 (2016).10.1126/science.aaf3762Search in Google Scholar PubMed

138. Deblonde, G. J.-P., Struzbecher-Hoehne, M., Rupert, P. B., An, D. D., Llly, M.-C., Ralston, C. Y., Brabec, J., de Jong, W. A., Strong, R. K., Abergel, R.: Chelation and stabilization of berkelium in oxidation state +IV. Nature Chem. 9, 843 (2017).10.1038/nchem.2759Search in Google Scholar PubMed

139. Ball, P.: On the edge of the periodic table. Nature 565, 552 (2019).10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2019-03-07
Accepted: 2019-03-18
Published Online: 2019-07-25
Published in Print: 2019-09-25

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial: 150 years of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
  3. Part A: Actinides and Transactinides
  4. Evolution of the periodic table through the synthesis of new elements
  5. Nuclear and chemical characterization of heavy actinides
  6. Direct mass measurements and ionization potential measurements of the actinides
  7. Relativity in the electronic structure of the heaviest elements and its influence on periodicities in properties
  8. The periodic table – an experimenter’s guide to transactinide chemistry
  9. Synthesis and properties of isotopes of the transactinides
  10. Part B: Nuclear Energy
  11. Homogenous recycling of transuranium elements from irradiated fast reactor fuel by the EURO-GANEX solvent extraction process
  12. Separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides using various ‘N’, ‘S’ and mixed ‘N,O’ donor ligands: a review
  13. Separation of actinides from lanthanides associated with spent nuclear fuel reprocessing in China: current status and future perspectives
  14. Contamination of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station with actinide elements
  15. Protactinium(V) in aqueous solution: a light actinide without actinyl moiety
  16. What do we know about actinides-proteins interactions?
  17. Part C: Medical Radionuclides
  18. Positron-emitting radionuclides for applications, with special emphasis on their production methodologies for medical use
  19. Radiochlorine: an underutilized halogen tool
  20. Radiobromine and radioiodine for medical applications
  21. Radiochemical aspects of alpha emitting radionuclides for medical application
  22. Chelators and metal complex stability for radiopharmaceutical applications
Downloaded on 16.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ract-2019-3133/pdf
Scroll to top button