Abstract
This study examined general auditory processing, Mandarin L1 prosodic and phonological awareness, and the relations with English L2 word learning. Participants were 61 Mandarin-speaking children who learned English as an L2 in Taiwan. They received the following tasks: general auditory processing (i.e., amplitude envelope rise time, pitch contour and interval), Mandarin L1 prosodic and phonological awareness, and English L2 word learning (at Time 1 and 2). The results revealed that (1) only amplitude envelope rise time discrimination, independent of years of English learning, predicted English L2 word learning at Time 1, (2) Mandarin L1 phonological awareness, relative to Mandarin L1 prosodic awareness, made more contributions to English L2 word learning after controlling amplitude envelope rise time discrimination, and (3) successful English learners outperformed their unsuccessful peers on Mandarin L1 phonological awareness. Taken together, beginning English learners might use amplitude envelop rise time cuing syllable boundaries and rely on L1 prosodic and phonological awareness for English L2 word learning.
Funding source: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Award Identifier / Grant number: MOST 107-2410-H-152-027, MOST 108-2410-H-152-009, MOST 109-2410-H-152-028, MOST 110-2410-H-152-004
-
Research funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology under Grants: MOST 107-2410-H-152-027, MOST 108-2410-H-152-009, MOST 109-2410-H-152-028 and MOST 110-2410-H-152-004.
-
Data availability statement: The author has not been granted by children’s parents in written consent to share data with other researchers. Thus, the data that support the findings of this study are not available in a public repository and on request. Future studies would secure data sharing in written consent.
-
Competing interests: The author reports there are no competing interests to declare.
References
Antoniou, Mark, Carol K. S. To & Patrick C. M. Wong. 2015. Auditory cues that drive language development are language specific: Evidence from Cantonese. Applied Psycholinguistics 36(6). 1493–1507. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716414000514.Search in Google Scholar
Choi, William, Xiuli Tong & Kate Cain. 2016. Lexical prosody beyond first-language boundary: Chinese lexical tone sensitivity predicts English reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 148. 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.04.002.Search in Google Scholar
Choi, William, Xiuli Tong & Helene Deacon. 2019. From Cantonese lexical tone awareness to second language English vocabulary: Cross-language mediation by segmental phonological awareness. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62(6). 1875–1889. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-17-0323.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Wei-Lun & Gavin M. Bidelman. 2016. Cortical encoding and neurophysiological tracking of intensity and pitch cues signaling English stress patterns in native and nonnative speakers. Brain and Language 155–156. 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Wei-Lun & Gavin M. Bidelman. 2021. Mandarin-speaking preschoolers’ pitch discrimination, prosodic and phonological awareness, and their relation to receptive vocabulary and reading abilities. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 34(2). 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10075-9.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Wei-Lun & Linda Jarmulowicz. 2017. Stress judgment and production in English derivation, and word reading in adult Mandarin-speaking English learners. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 46. 997–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-017-9475-1.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Wei-Lun, Linda Jarmulowicz & Gavin M. Bidelman. 2017. Auditory processing, linguistic prosody awareness, and word reading in Mandarin-speaking children learning English. Reading and Writing 30(7). 1407–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-017-9730-8.Search in Google Scholar
Chung, Wei-Lun, Linda Jarmulowicz & Gavin M. Bidelman. 2021. Cross-linguistic contributions of acoustic cues and prosodic awareness to first and second language vocabulary knowledge. Journal of Research in Reading 44(2). 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12349.Search in Google Scholar
Corriveau, Kathleen H. & Usha Goswami. 2009. Rhythmic motor entrainment in children with speech and language impairments: Tapping to the beat. Cortex 45(1). 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2007.09.008.Search in Google Scholar
Cutler, Anne. 1996. Prosody and the word boundary problem. In James L. Morgan & Katherine Demuth (eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition, 87–99. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar
Echols, Catharine H. 1996. A role for stress in early speech segmentation. In James L. Morgan & Katherine Demuth (eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition, 151–170. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar
Foxton, Jessica M., Joel B. Talcott, Caroline Witton, Hal Brace, Fiona McIntyre & Timothy D. Griffiths. 2003. Reading skills are related to global, but not local, acoustic pattern perception. Nature Neuroscience 6. 343–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1035.Search in Google Scholar
Fry, Dennis B. 1958. Experiments in the perception of stress. Language and Speech 1(2). 126–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383095800100207.Search in Google Scholar
Ganschow, Leonore, Richard L. Sparks, James Javorsky, Jane Pohlman & Angela Bishop-Marbury. 1991. Identifying native language difficulties among foreign language learners in college: A ‘foreign’ language learning disability? Journal of Learning Disabilities 24(9). 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949102400905.Search in Google Scholar
Gathercole, Susan E. & Alan D. Baddeley. 1990. The role of phonological memory in vocabulary acquisition: A study of young children learning new names. British Journal of Psychology 81(4). 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02371.x.Search in Google Scholar
Gathercole, Susan E., Graham J. Hitch, Elisabet Service & Amanda J. Martin. 1997. Phonological short-term memory and new word learning in children. Developmental Psychology 33(6). 966–979. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.966.Search in Google Scholar
Goswami, Usha, Danielle Gerson & Luisa Astruc. 2010. Amplitude envelope perception, phonology and prosodic sensitivity in children with developmental dyslexia. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 23(8). 995–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9186-6.Search in Google Scholar
Goswami, Usha, Natasha Mead, Tim Fosker, Martina Huss, Lisa Barnes & Victoria Leong. 2013. Impaired perception of syllable stress in children with dyslexia: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language 69(1). 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.03.001.Search in Google Scholar
Holliman, Andrew, Sarah Critten, Tony Lawrence, Emily Harrison, Clare Wood & David Hughes. 2014. Modeling the relationship between prosodic sensitivity and early literacy. Reading Research Quarterly 49(4). 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.82.Search in Google Scholar
Holliman, Andrew J., Ian R. Mundy, Lesly Wade-Woolley, Clare Wood & Chelsea Bird. 2017. Prosodic awareness and children’s multisyllabic word reading. Educational Psychology 37(10). 1222–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2017.1330948.Search in Google Scholar
Holliman, Andrew J., Clare Wood & Kieron Sheehy. 2008. Sensitivity to speech rhythm explains individual differences in reading ability independently of phonological awareness. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 26(3). 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151007X241623.Search in Google Scholar
Howie, John M. 1976. Acoustical studies of Mandarin vowels and tones. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Chieh-Fang. 2003. Phonological memory, phonological awareness, and foreign language word learning. Language Learning 53(3). 429–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00231.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Chieh-Fang. 2008. Rate of acquiring and processing L2 color words in relation to L1 phonological awareness. The Modern Language Journal 92(1). 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00685.x.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Chieh-Fang. 2014. Extracting phonological patterns for L2 word learning: The effect of poor phonological awareness. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 43(5). 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-013-9269-z.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Chieh-Fang & Hugh W. Catts. 1998. The role of phonological processing in early reading ability: What we can learn from Chinese. Scientific Studies of Reading 2(1). 55–79. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr0201_3.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Chieh-Fang & Clare Melanie Schuele. 2005. Learning nonnative names: The effect of poor native phonological awareness. Applied Psycholinguistics 26(3). 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716405050204.Search in Google Scholar
Jarmulowicz, Linda, Valentina L. Taran & Sarah E. Hay. 2007. Third graders’ metalinguistic skills, reading skills, and stress production in derived English words. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 50(3). 1593–1605. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/107).Search in Google Scholar
Jong, Peter F. de, Marie-José Seveke & Marjo van Veen. 2000. Phonological sensitivity and the acquisition of new words in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 76(4). 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1999.2549.Search in Google Scholar
Kehoe, Margaret, Carol Stoel-Gammon & Eugene H. Buder. 1995. Acoustic correlates of stress in young children’s speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 38(2). 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3802.338.Search in Google Scholar
Levitt, Harry. 1971. Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49(2B). 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912375.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, Lu-Chun & Cynthia J. Johnson. 2010. Phonological patterns in Mandarin-English bilingual children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 24(4–5). 369–386. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699200903532482.Search in Google Scholar
Lindfield, Kimberly C., Arthur Wingfield & Harold Goodglass. 1999. The role of prosody in the mental lexicon. Brain and Language 68(1–2). 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2094.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Yu-Hsin & Chieh-Fang Hu. 2010. The role of Chinese EFL learners’ sensitivity to English lexical stress patterns in grammatical category assignments. English Teaching and Learning 34(4). 1–32.Search in Google Scholar
Marecka, Marta, Jakub Szewczyk, Anna Jelec, Donata Janiszewska, Karolina Rataj & Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk. 2018. Different phonological mechanisms facilitate vocabulary learning at early and late stages of language acquisition: Evidence from Polish 9-year-olds learning English. Applied Psycholinguistics 39(1). 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716417000455.Search in Google Scholar
Mehta, Gita & Anne Cutler. 1988. Detection of target phonemes in spontaneous and read speech. Language and Speech 31(2). 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383098803100203.Search in Google Scholar
Morton, John & Wiktor Jassem. 1965. Acoustic correlates of stress. Language and Speech 8(3). 159–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383096500800303.Search in Google Scholar
Ou, Shu-Chen. 2010. Taiwanese EFL learners’ perception of English word stress. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 36(1). 1–23.Search in Google Scholar
Reeves, Carolyn, Anna René Schmauder & Robin Morris. 2000. Stress grouping improves performance on an immediate serial list recall task. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26(6). 1638–1654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1638.Search in Google Scholar
Saito, Kazuya, Magdalena Kachlicka, Hui Sun & Adam Tierney. 2020. Domain-general auditory processing as an anchor of post-pubertal second language pronunciation learning: Behavioural and neurophysiological investigations of perceptual acuity, age, experience, development, and attainment. Journal of Memory and Language 115. 104168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104168.Search in Google Scholar
Sparks, Richard L. 1993. The impact of native language learning problems on foreign language learning: Case study illustrations of the linguistic cooling deficit hypothesis. The Modern Language Journal 77(1). 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01946.x.Search in Google Scholar
Sparks, Richard L. & Leonore Ganschow. 1993. Searching for the cognitive locus of foreign language learning difficulties: Linking first and second language learning. The Modern Language Journal 77(3). 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01974.x.Search in Google Scholar
Sparks, Richard L. & Leonore Ganschow. 1995. A strong inference approach to causal factors in foreign language learning: A response to MacIntyre. The Modern Language Journal 79(2). 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05436.x.Search in Google Scholar
Sturges, Persis T. & James G. Martin. 1974. Rhythmic structure in auditory temporal pattern perception and immediate memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102(3). 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035866.Search in Google Scholar
Swan, Denise & Usha Goswami. 1997. Phonological awareness deficits in developmental dyslexia and the phonological representations hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 66(1). 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1997.2375.Search in Google Scholar
Tong, Xiuli, Xinjie He & Hélène Deacon. 2017. Tone matters for Cantonese–English bilingual children’s English word reading development: A unified model of phonological transfer. Memory & Cognition 45(2). 320–333. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0657-0.Search in Google Scholar
Wade-Woolley, Lesly, Clare Wood, Jessica Chan & Sarah Weidman. 2022. Prosodic competence as the missing component of reading processes across languages: Theory, evidence and future research. Scientific Studies of Reading 26(2). 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2021.1995390.Search in Google Scholar
Whalley, Karen & Julie Hansen. 2006. The role of prosodic sensitivity in children’s reading development. Journal of Research in Reading 29(3). 288–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00309.x.Search in Google Scholar
Wiener, Seth. 2020. Second language learners develop non-native lexical processing biases. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23(1). 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918001165.Search in Google Scholar
Wood, Clare & Colin Terrell. 1998. Poor readers’ ability to detect speech rhythm and perceive rapid speech. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 16(3). 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1998.tb00760.x.Search in Google Scholar
Wood, Clare, Lesly Wade-Woolley & Andrew J. Holliman. 2009. Phonological awareness: Beyond phonemes. In Clare Wood & Vincent Connelly (eds.), Contemporary perspectives on reading and spelling, 7–23. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Yu, Vickie Y. & Jean E. Andruski. 2010. A cross-language study of perception of lexical stress in English. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 39. 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-009-9142-2.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, Juan & Catherine McBride-Chang. 2010. Auditory sensitivity, speech perception, and reading development and impairment. Educational Psychology Review 22. 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9137-4.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, Yanhong, Shawn L. Nissen & Alexander L. Francis. 2008. Acoustic characteristics of English lexical stress produced by native Mandarin speakers. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123(6). 4498–4513. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2902165.Search in Google Scholar
Zheng, Chaoqun, Kazuya Saito & Adam Tierney. 2022. Successful second language pronunciation learning is linked to domain-general auditory processing rather than music aptitude. Second Language Research 38(3). 477–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320978493.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Young L2 learners in diverse instructional contexts
- Research Articles
- Impact of post-task explicit instruction on the interaction among child EFL learners in online task-based reading lessons
- Can we train young EFL learners to ‘notice the gap’? Exploring the relationship between metalinguistic awareness, grammar learning and the use of metalinguistic explanations in a dictogloss task
- Exploring self-regulated learning behaviours of young second language learners during group work
- Developmental trajectories of discourse features by age and learning environment
- Implementing an oral task in an EFL classroom with low proficient learners: a micro-evaluation
- Exploring teacher-student interaction in task and non-task sequences
- Children learning Mongolian as an additional language through the implementation of a task-based approach
- “Black children are gifted at learning languages – that’s why I could do TBLT”: inclusive Blackness as a pathway for TBLT innovation
- Regular Articles
- Defining competencies for training non-native Korean speaking teachers: a Q methodology approach
- A cross-modal analysis of lexical sophistication: EFL and ESL learners in written and spoken production
- Using sentence processing speed and automaticity to predict L2 performance in the productive and receptive tasks
- Distance-invoked difficulty as a trigger for errors in Chinese and Japanese EFL learners’ English writings
- Exploring Chinese university English writing teachers’ emotions in providing feedback on student writing
- General auditory processing, Mandarin L1 prosodic and phonological awareness, and English L2 word learning
- Why is L2 pragmatics still a neglected area in EFL teaching? Uncovered stories from Vietnamese EFL teachers
- Validation of metacognitive knowledge in vocabulary learning and its predictive effects on incidental vocabulary learning from reading
- Anxiety and enjoyment in oral presentations: a mixed-method study into Chinese EFL learners’ oral presentation performance
- The influence of language contact and ethnic identification on Chinese as a second language learners’ oral proficiency
- An idiodynamic study of the interconnectedness between cognitive and affective components underlying L2 willingness to communicate
- “I usually just rely on my intuition and go from there.” pedagogical rules and metalinguistic awareness of pre-service EFL teachers
- Development and validation of Questionnaire for Self-regulated Learning Writing Strategies (QSRLWS) for EFL learners
- Language transfer in tense acquisition: new evidence from English learning Chinese adolescents
- A systematic review of English-as-a-foreign-language vocabulary learning activities for primary school students
- Using automated indices of cohesion to explore the growth of cohesive features in L2 writing
- The impact of text-audio synchronized enhancement on collocation learning from reading-while-listening: an extended replication of Jung and Lee (2023)
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Young L2 learners in diverse instructional contexts
- Research Articles
- Impact of post-task explicit instruction on the interaction among child EFL learners in online task-based reading lessons
- Can we train young EFL learners to ‘notice the gap’? Exploring the relationship between metalinguistic awareness, grammar learning and the use of metalinguistic explanations in a dictogloss task
- Exploring self-regulated learning behaviours of young second language learners during group work
- Developmental trajectories of discourse features by age and learning environment
- Implementing an oral task in an EFL classroom with low proficient learners: a micro-evaluation
- Exploring teacher-student interaction in task and non-task sequences
- Children learning Mongolian as an additional language through the implementation of a task-based approach
- “Black children are gifted at learning languages – that’s why I could do TBLT”: inclusive Blackness as a pathway for TBLT innovation
- Regular Articles
- Defining competencies for training non-native Korean speaking teachers: a Q methodology approach
- A cross-modal analysis of lexical sophistication: EFL and ESL learners in written and spoken production
- Using sentence processing speed and automaticity to predict L2 performance in the productive and receptive tasks
- Distance-invoked difficulty as a trigger for errors in Chinese and Japanese EFL learners’ English writings
- Exploring Chinese university English writing teachers’ emotions in providing feedback on student writing
- General auditory processing, Mandarin L1 prosodic and phonological awareness, and English L2 word learning
- Why is L2 pragmatics still a neglected area in EFL teaching? Uncovered stories from Vietnamese EFL teachers
- Validation of metacognitive knowledge in vocabulary learning and its predictive effects on incidental vocabulary learning from reading
- Anxiety and enjoyment in oral presentations: a mixed-method study into Chinese EFL learners’ oral presentation performance
- The influence of language contact and ethnic identification on Chinese as a second language learners’ oral proficiency
- An idiodynamic study of the interconnectedness between cognitive and affective components underlying L2 willingness to communicate
- “I usually just rely on my intuition and go from there.” pedagogical rules and metalinguistic awareness of pre-service EFL teachers
- Development and validation of Questionnaire for Self-regulated Learning Writing Strategies (QSRLWS) for EFL learners
- Language transfer in tense acquisition: new evidence from English learning Chinese adolescents
- A systematic review of English-as-a-foreign-language vocabulary learning activities for primary school students
- Using automated indices of cohesion to explore the growth of cohesive features in L2 writing
- The impact of text-audio synchronized enhancement on collocation learning from reading-while-listening: an extended replication of Jung and Lee (2023)