Startseite Lebenswissenschaften Recent studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: focus on epigenetic factors and histone deacetylase
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Recent studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: focus on epigenetic factors and histone deacetylase

  • Harikesh Dubey

    Harikesh Dubey holds a Master’s Degree (MPharm) in Pharmacology and has more than 5 years of research experience in the field of pharmacology and toxicology with special emphasis on behavioral neuroscience. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, at the Department of Pharmacology of Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute and has done some innovative research in the field of behavioral and cognitive sciences. He is currently involved in experimental studies in Alzheimer’s disease and has presented his research at some important scientific meetings.

    , Kavita Gulati

    Kavita Gulati is Professor in Pharmacology at Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and University of Delhi, and has more than 25 years of teaching and research experience in basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology. She is a prolific researcher, and her work is focused on neuropharmacology and allied neurosciences with specific emphasis on neuro-immune interactions. She has been the recipient of several scientific/academic honors and awards and is considered as one of the leading exponents in her field of research. She has been a visiting scientist to several reputed universities/institutes and an invited speaker in several important international conferences across the globe. Her work has led to more than 100 publications including research papers in peer-reviewed journals, and book chapters in reference and text books.

    und Arunabha Ray

    Arunabha Ray is the Chair, Department of Pharmacology at Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, and Dean, Faculty of Medicine, University of Delhi. He has 38 years of teaching and research experience in basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology and his specific area of research interest is behavioral pharmacology, immunopharmacology, and CNS-immune interactions. His research expertise has been duly acknowledged at the international level and won him several awards and honors from apex scientific organizations. He has been chairperson and speaker in several prestigious scientific meetings and also a visiting faculty member at leading universities/medical institutes around the world. He has more than 150 research publications, is the author of several text and reference book chapters, is an editor of four books in his areas of expertise, and is the author of Textbook in Pharmacology.

    EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 5. Februar 2018

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders mainly affecting elderly people. It is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. More than 95% of AD cases are related to sporadic or late-onset AD (LOAD). The etiology of LOAD is still unclear. It has been reported that environmental factors and epigenetic alterations play a significant role in AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified 10 novel risk genes: ABCA7, APOE, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, CLU, CR1, MS4A6A, MS4A4E, and PICALM, which play an important role for LOAD. In this review, the therapeutic approaches of AD by epigenetic modifications have been discussed. Nowadays, HDAC inhibitors have clinically proven its activity for epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we try to establish the relationship between HDAC inhibitors and above mentioned LOAD risk genes. Finally, we are hoping that this review may open new area of research for AD treatment.


Corresponding author: Prof. Arunabha Ray, Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India

About the authors

Harikesh Dubey

Harikesh Dubey holds a Master’s Degree (MPharm) in Pharmacology and has more than 5 years of research experience in the field of pharmacology and toxicology with special emphasis on behavioral neuroscience. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, at the Department of Pharmacology of Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute and has done some innovative research in the field of behavioral and cognitive sciences. He is currently involved in experimental studies in Alzheimer’s disease and has presented his research at some important scientific meetings.

Kavita Gulati

Kavita Gulati is Professor in Pharmacology at Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Faculty of Medicine, and University of Delhi, and has more than 25 years of teaching and research experience in basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology. She is a prolific researcher, and her work is focused on neuropharmacology and allied neurosciences with specific emphasis on neuro-immune interactions. She has been the recipient of several scientific/academic honors and awards and is considered as one of the leading exponents in her field of research. She has been a visiting scientist to several reputed universities/institutes and an invited speaker in several important international conferences across the globe. Her work has led to more than 100 publications including research papers in peer-reviewed journals, and book chapters in reference and text books.

Arunabha Ray

Arunabha Ray is the Chair, Department of Pharmacology at Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, and Dean, Faculty of Medicine, University of Delhi. He has 38 years of teaching and research experience in basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology and his specific area of research interest is behavioral pharmacology, immunopharmacology, and CNS-immune interactions. His research expertise has been duly acknowledged at the international level and won him several awards and honors from apex scientific organizations. He has been chairperson and speaker in several prestigious scientific meetings and also a visiting faculty member at leading universities/medical institutes around the world. He has more than 150 research publications, is the author of several text and reference book chapters, is an editor of four books in his areas of expertise, and is the author of Textbook in Pharmacology.

Acknowledgments

This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. However, the authors wish to thank Mrs. Anamika Singh for literary assistance in the preparation of this article.

References

Alarcon, J.M., Malleret, G., Touzani, K., Vronskaya, S., Ishii S., Kandel, E.R., and Barco, A. (2004). Chromatin acetylation, memory, and LTP are impaired in CBP+/− mice: a model for the cognitive deficit in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and its amelioration. Neuron 42, 947–959.10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Alzgene – field synopsis of genetic association studies in AD. (2011).AZLFORUM-networking for a cure. http://www.alzgene.org.Suche in Google Scholar

Alzheimer’s Association. (2012). FDA approved treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, 1–3.Suche in Google Scholar

Alzheimer’s Association Report. (2015). Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s Dement 11, 332–384.Suche in Google Scholar

Arendash, G.W., Schleif, W., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jackson, E.K., Zacharia, L.C., Cracchiolo, J.R., Shippy, D., and Tan, J. (2006). Caffeine protects Alzheimer’s mice against cognitive impairment and reduces brain beta-amyloid production. Neuroscience 142, 941–952.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bahari-Javan, S., Sananbenesi, F., and Fischer, A. (2014). Histone-acetylation: a link between Alzheimer’s disease and post-traumatic stress disorder? Front. Neurosci. 8, 160.10.3389/fnins.2014.00160Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Baig, S., Joseph, S.A., Tayler, H., Abraham, R., Owen, M.J., Williams, J., Kehoe, P.G., and Love, S. (2010). The distribution and expression of picalm in Alzheimer Disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 69, 1071–1077.10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181f52e01Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Bali, J., Gheinani, A.H., Zurbriggen, S., and Rajendran, L. (2012). Role of genes linked to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease risk in the production of β-amyloid peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 15307–15311.10.1073/pnas.1201632109Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Barber, R.C. (2012). The genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. Scientifica 2012, Article ID 24621, pp 14.10.6064/2012/246210Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Beeler, N., Riederer, B.M., Waeber, G., and Abderrahmani, A. (2009). Role of the JNK-interacting protein 1/islet brain 1 in cell degeneration in Alzheimer disease and diabetes. Brain Res Bull. 80, 274–281.10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Bell, R.D., Winkler, E.A., Singh, I., Sagare, A.P., Deane, R., Wu, Z., Holtzman, D.M., Betsholtz, C., Armulik, A., Sallstrom, J., Berk, B.C., and Zlokovic, B.V. (2012). Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A. Nature 485, 512–516.10.1038/nature11087Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Bradshaw, E.M., Chibnik, L. B., Keenan, B. T., Ottoboni, L., Raj, T., Tang, A., Rosenkrantz, L. L., Imboywa, S., Lee, M., Korff, A. V., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Morris, M.C., Evans, D.A., Johnson, K., Sperling, R.A., Schneider, J.A., Bennett, D.A., and De Jager, P.L. (2013). CD33 Alzheimer’s disease locus: altered monocyte function and amyloid biology. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 848–850.10.1038/nn.3435Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Cacabelos, R., Martinez, R., Fernandez-Novoa, L., Carril, J.C., Lombardi, V., Carrera, I., Corzo, L., Tellado, I., Leszek, J., McKay, A., and Takeda, M. (2012). Genomics of dementia: APOE- and CYP2D6-related pharmacogenetics. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 518901.10.1155/2012/518901Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Carrasquillo, M.M., Crook, J.E., and Pedraza, O. (2015). Late-onset Alzheimer’s risk variants in memory decline, incident mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 36, 60–67.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.042Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Cervantes, S., Samaranch, L., Vidal-Taboada, J.M., Lamet, I., Bullido, M.J., Frank-García, A., Coria, F., Lleó, A., Clarimón, J., Lorenzo, E., et al. (2011). Genetic variation in APOE cluster region and Alzheimer’s disease risk. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 2107.e7–2107.e17.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.023Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chan, G. (2014). Dissecting the role of Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility loci in primary human monocytes: a complex interplay between TREM1, TREM2 and CD33, J. Neuroimmunol. 275, 143.10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.383Suche in Google Scholar

Chan, S.L., Kim, W.S., Kwok, J.B., Hill, A.F., Cappai, R. Rye, K.A., and Garner, B. (2008). ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 regulates processing of amyloid precursor protein in vitro. J. Neurochem. 106, 793–804.10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05433.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chapuis, J., Hansmannel, F., Gistelinck, M., Mounier, A., Van Cauwenberghe, C., Kolen, K.V., Geller, F., Sottejeau, Y., Harold, D., Dourlen, P., et al. (2013). Increased expression of BIN1 mediates Alzheimer genetic risk by modulating tau pathology. Mol. Psychiatry 18, 1225–1234.10.1038/mp.2013.1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chen, H., Wu, G., Jiang, Y., Feng, R., Liao, M., Zhang, L., Ma, G., Chen, Z., Zhao, B., Li, K., et al. (2015). Analyzing 54 936 samples supports the association between CD2AP rs9349407 polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility. Mol. Neurobiol. 52, 1–7.10.1007/s12035-014-8834-2Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Chittur, S.V., Sangster-Guity, N., and McCormick, P.J. (2008). Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a new mode for inhibition of cholesterol metabolism. BMC Genomics 9, 507.10.1186/1471-2164-9-507Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chung, S.J., Kim, M.J., Kim, Y.J., Kim, J., You, S., Jang, E.H., Kim, S.Y., and Lee, J.H. (2014). CR1, ABCA7, and APOE genes affect the features of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 339, 91–96.10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.029Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Dagnas, M., Guillou, J.L., Prevot, T., and Mons, N. (2013) HDAC inhibition facilitates the switch between memory systems in young but not aged mice. J. Neurosci. 33, 1954–1963.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3453-12.2013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Debnath, I., Roundy, K.M., Weis, J.J., and Weis, J.H. (2007). Defining in vivo transcription factor complexes of the murine CD21 and CD23 genes. J. Immunol. 178, 7139–7150.10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7139Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

De Paula, V.D.R., Guimaraes, F.M., Diniz, B.S., and Forlenza, O.V. (2009). Neurobiological pathways to Alzheimer’s disease, Amyloid-beta, Tau protein or both? Dement. Neuropsychol. 3, 188–194.10.1590/S1980-57642009DN30300003Suche in Google Scholar

Dinarello, C.A., Fossati, G., and Mascagni, P. (2011). Histone deacetylase inhibitors for treating a spectrum of diseases not related to cancer. Mol. Med. 17, 333–352.10.2119/molmed.2011.00116Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Durham, B. (2012). Novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors with improved selectivity for HDAC2 and 3 protect against neural cell death. Biosci. Horizons 5, 1–7.10.1093/biohorizons/hzs003Suche in Google Scholar

Fassbender, K., Simons, M., Bergmann, C., Stroick, M., Lutjohann, D., Keller, P., Runz, H., Kuhl, S., Bertsch, T., von Bergmann, K., et al. (2001). Simvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Aβ 40 in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5856–5861.10.1073/pnas.081620098Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ferrari, R., Moreno, J.H., Minhajuddin, A.T., O’Bryant, S.E., Reisch, J.S., Barber, R.C., and Momeni, P. (2012). Implication of common and disease specific variants in CLU, CR1, and PICALM. Neurobiol. Aging 33, 1846.e7–1846.e18.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.01.110Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Fischer, A., Sananbenesi, F., Wang, X., Dobbin, M., and Tsai, L.H. (2007). Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling. Nature 447, 178–182.10.1038/nature05772Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Fujita, Y., Morinobu, S., Takei, S., Fuchikami, M., Matsumoto, T., and Yamamoto, S. (2012). Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, facilitates fear extinction and enhances expression of the hippocampal NR2B-containing NMDA receptor gene. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 635–643.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.026Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gao, Y.S., Hubbert, C.C., Lu, J., Lee, Y.S, Lee, J.Y., and Yao, T.P. (2007). Histone deacetylase 6 regulates growth factor-induced actin remodeling and endocytosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 8637–8647.10.1128/MCB.00393-07Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Glennon, E.B., Whitehouse, I.J., Miners, J.S., Kehoe, P.G., Love, S., Kellett, K.A., and Hooper, N.M. (2013). BIN1 is decreased in sporadic but not familial Alzheimer’s disease or in aging. PLoS One 8, e78806.10.1371/journal.pone.0078806Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Golde, T.E., Streit, W.J., and Chakrabarty, P. (2013). Alzheimer’s disease risk alleles in TREM2 illuminate innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 5, 24.10.1186/alzrt178Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Goldberg, A.D., Allis, C.D., and Bernstein, E. (2007). Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell 128, 635–638.10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Gomez-Ramirez, J. and Wu, J. (2014). Network-based biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: review and future directions. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6, 12.10.3389/fnagi.2014.00012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Graff, J., Rei, D., Guan, J.S., Wang, W.Y., Seo, J., Hennig, K.M., Nieland, T.J., Fass, D.M., Kao, P.F., Kahn, M., et al. (2012). An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain. Nature 483, 222–226.10.1038/nature10849Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Graff, J., Joseph, N., Horn, M.E., Samiei, A., Meng, J., Seo, J., Rei, D., Bero, A.W., Phan, T.X., Wagner, F., et al. (2014). Epigenetic priming of memory updating during reconsolidation to attenuate remote fear memories. Cell 156, 261–276.10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.020Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Green, A.E., Gray, J.R., Deyoung, C.G., Mhyre, T.R., Padilla, R., Dibattista, A.M., and William Rebeck, G. (2014). A combined effect of two Alzheimer’s risk genes on medial temporal activity during executive attention in young adults. Neuropsychologia 56, 1–8.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.020Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Griciuc, A., Serrano-Pozo, A., Parrado, A.R., Lesinski, A.N., Asselin, C.N., Mullin, K., Hooli, B., Choi, S.H., Hyman, B.T., and Tanzim R.E. (2013). Alzheimer’s disease risk gene cd33 inhibits microglial uptake of amyloid β. Neuron 78, 631–643.10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Grimm, M.O., Zimmer, V.C., Lehmann, J., Grimm, H.S., and Hartmann, T. (2013). The impact of cholesterol, DHA, and sphingolipids on Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013, 814390.10.1155/2013/814390Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Guan, J.S., Haggarty, S.J., Giacometti, E., Dannenberg, J.H., Joseph, N., Gao, J., Nieland, T.J., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Mazitschek, R., et al. (2009). HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Nature 459, 55–56.10.1038/nature07925Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Guerreiro, R., Bras, J., and Hardy, J. (2013). SnapShot: genetics of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell 155, 968–968.e1.10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.037Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Guillot-Sestier, M.V. and Town, T. (2013). Innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease: a complex affair. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 12, 593–607.10.2174/1871527311312050008Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hassa, P.O., Haenni, S.S., Buerki, C., Meier, N.I., Lane, W.S., Owen, H., Gersbach, M., Imhof, R., and Hottiger, M.O. (2005). Acetylation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by p300/CREB-binding protein regulates coactivation of NF-κB-dependent transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40450–40464.10.1074/jbc.M507553200Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Hazrati, L.N., Van Cauwenberghe, C., Brooks, P.L., Brouwers, N., Ghani, M., Sato, C., Cruts, M., Sleegers, K., St. George-Hyslop, P., Van Broeckhoven, C., et al. (2012). Genetic association of CR1 with Alzheimer’s disease: a tentative disease mechanism. Neurobiol. Aging 33, 2949.e5–2949.e12.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Heneka, M.T., Kummer, M.P., and Latz, E. (2014). Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 463–477.10.1038/nri3705Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Heneka, M.T., Golenbock, D.T., and Latz, E. (2015). Innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Immunol. 16, 229–236.10.1038/ni.3102Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Holler, C.J., Davis, P.R., Beckett, T.L., Platt, T.L., Webb, R.L., Head, E., and Murphy, M.P. (2014). Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) protein expression increases in the Alzheimer’s disease brain and correlates with neurofibrillary tangle pathology. J. Alzheimers Dis. 42, 1221–1227.10.3233/JAD-132450Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Hollingworth, P., Harold, D., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Lambert, J.C., Carrasquillo, M.M., Abraham, R., Hamshere, M.L., Pahwa, J.S., Moskvina, V., et al. (2011). Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 43, 429–435.10.1038/ng.803Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Holtzman, D.M., Herz, J., and Bu, G. (2012). Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors: normal biology and roles in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2, a006312.10.1101/cshperspect.a006312Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Iwata, A. and Iwatsubo, T. (2013). Disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: challenges and hopes. Neurol. Clin. Neurosci. 1, 49–54.10.1002/ncn3.20Suche in Google Scholar

Jeng, A., Karch, C., Nowotny, P., Cruchaga, C., and Goate, A. (2012). ABCA7 and MS4A6A expression are upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease brains. Alzheimer’s Dement. 8, P663.10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1787Suche in Google Scholar

Jiang, T., Yu, J.T., Hu, N., Tan, M.S., Zhu, X.C., and Tan, L. (2014). CD33 in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurobiol. 49, 529–535.10.1007/s12035-013-8536-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kamboh, M.I., Minster, R.L., Demirci, F.Y., Ganguli, M., DeKosky, S.T., Lopez, O.L., and Barmad, M.M. (2012). Association of CLU and PICALM variants with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 33, 518–521.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.015Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kanai, M., Tong, W.M., Sugihara, E., Wang, Z.Q., Fukasawa, K., and Miwa, M. (2003). Involvement of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 and poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation in regulation of centrosome function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 2451–2462.10.1128/MCB.23.7.2451-2462.2003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Karch, C. M., Jeng, A.T., Nowotny, P., Cady, J., Cruchaga, C., and Goate, A.M. (2012). Expression of novel Alzheimer’s disease risk genes in control and Alzheimer’s disease brains. PLoS One 7, e50976.10.1371/journal.pone.0050976Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kazantsev, A.G. and Thompson, L.M. (2008). Therapeutic application of histone deacetylase inhibitors for central nervous system disorders. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. 7, 854–868.10.1038/nrd2681Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Khera, R. and Das, N. (2009). Complement receptor 1: disease associations and therapeutic implications. Mol. Immunol. 46, 761–772.10.1016/j.molimm.2008.09.026Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kilgore, M., Miller, C.A., Fass, D.M., Hennig, K.M., Haggarty, S.J., Sweatt, J.D., and Rumbaugh, G. (2010). Inhibitors of class 1 histone deacetylases reverse contextual memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychopharma cology 35, 870–880.10.1038/npp.2009.197Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kim, M.Y., Zhang, T., and Kraus, W.L. (2005a). Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP-1: PAR-laying’ NAD+ in to a nuclear signal. Genes Dev. 19, 1951–1967.10.1101/gad.1331805Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kim, Y.J., Guo, S., Park, J.W., Bae, E.K., Ahn, K.-S., Kim, I., Lee, J.-S., Lee, Y.Y., Park, S., Kim, B.K., et al. (2005b). Novel synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitor (SK-7041) potently inhibits proliferation in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Blood 106, 4407.10.1182/blood.V106.11.4407.4407Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, W.S., Li, H., Ruberu, K., Chan, S., Elliott, D.A., Low, J.K., Cheng, D., Karl, T., and Garner, B. (2013). Deletion of Abca7 increases cerebral amyloid-β accumulation in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 33, 4387–4394.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4165-12.2013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kitazawa, M., Oddo, S., Yamasaki, T.R., Green, K.R., and LaFerla, F.M. (2005). Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation exacerbates tau pathology by a cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 25, 8843–8853.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2868-05.2005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kojro, E., Gimpl, G., Lammich, S., Marz, W., and Fahrenholz, F. (2001). Low cholesterol stimulates the nonamyloidogenic pathway by its effect on the α-secretase ADAM 10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5815–5820.10.1073/pnas.081612998Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kok, E.H., Luoto, T., Haikonen, S., Goebeler, S., Haapasalo, H., and Karhunen, P.J. (2011). CLU, CR1 and PICALM genes associate with Alzheimer’s-related senile plaques. Alzheimer’s Res. Ther. 3, 12.10.1186/alzrt71Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Koltai, T. (2014). Clusterin: a key player in cancer chemoresistance and its inhibition. Onco. Targets Ther. 7, 447–456.10.2147/OTT.S58622Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Korwek, K.M., Trotter, J.H., Ladu, M.J., Sullivan, P.M., and Weeber, E.J. (2009). ApoE isoform-dependent changes in hippocampal synaptic function. Mol. Neurodegener. 4, 21.10.1186/1750-1326-4-21Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Korzus, E., Rosenfeld, M.G., and Mayford, M. (2004). CBP Histone acetyltransferase activity is a critical component of memory consolidation. Neuron 42, 961–972.10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kosugi, H., Towatari, M., Hatano, S., Kitamura, K., Kiyoi, H., Kinoshita, T., Tanimoto, M., Murate, T., Kawashima, K., Saito, H., et al. (1999). Histone deacetylase inhibitors are the potent inducer/enhancer of differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia: a new approach to anti-leukemia therapy. Leukemia 13, 1316–1324.10.1038/sj.leu.2401508Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kroesen, M., Gielen, P., Brok, I.C., Armandari, I., Hoogerbrugge, P.M., and Adema G.J. (2014). HDAC inhibitors and immunotherapy; a double edged sword? Oncotarget 5, 6558–6572.10.18632/oncotarget.2289Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kurdistani, S.K. and Grunstein, M. (2003). Histone acetylation and deacetylation in yeast. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 276–284.10.1038/nrm1075Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lambert, J.C., Heath, S., Even, G., Campion, D., Sleegers, K., Hiltunen, M., Combarros, O., Zelenika, D., Bullido, M.J., Tavernier, B., et al. (2009). Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 41, 1094–1099.10.1038/ng.439Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lambert, J.C., Zelenika, D., Hiltunen, M., Chouraki, V., Combarros, O., Bullido, M.J., Tognoni, G., Fiévet, N., Boland, A., Arosio, B., et al. (2011). Evidence of the association of BIN1 and PICALM with the AD risk in contrasting European populations. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 756.e11–756.e15.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.11.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, J. H., Cheng, R., Barral, S., Reitz, C., Medrano, M., Lantigua, R., Jiménez-Velazquez, I.Z., Rogaeva, E., St. George-Hyslop, P.H., and Mayeux, R. (2011). Identification of novel loci for Alzheimer disease and replication of CLU, PICALM, and BIN1 in Caribbean Hispanic individuals. Arch. Neurol. 68, 320–328.10.1001/archneurol.2010.292Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Levenson, J.M., O’Riordan, K.J., and Brown, K.D. (2004) Regulation of histone acetylation during memory formation in the hippocampus. J Biol Chem. 279, 40545–40559.10.1074/jbc.M402229200Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Liao, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Hwang, J.P., Wang, Y.F., Tsai, C.F., Wang, P.N., Wang, S.J., and Fuh, J.L. (2014). ABCA7 gene and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Han Chinese in Taiwan. Neurobiol. Aging 35, 2423.e7–2423.e13.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.009Suche in Google Scholar

Liao, F., Jiang, H., Srivatsan, S., Xiao, Q., Lefton, K.B., Yamada, K., Mahan, T.E., Lee, J.M., Shaw, A.S., and Holtzman, D.M. (2015). Effects of CD2-associated protein deficiency on amyloid-β in neuroblastoma cells and in an APP transgenic mouse model. Mol. Neurodegener. 10, 12.10.1186/s13024-015-0006-ySuche in Google Scholar

Lillico, R., Sobral, M.G., Stesco, N., and Lakowski, T.M. (2016). HDAC inhibitors induce global changes in histone lysine and arginine methylation and alter expression of lysine demethylases. J. Proteomics. 133, 125–133.10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Limpeanchob, N., Jaipan, S., Rattanakaruna, S., Phrompittayarat, W., and Ingkaninan, K. (2008). Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on β-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture. J. Ethnopharmacol. 120, 112–117.10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.039Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Ling, I.F., Bhongsatiern, J., Simpson, J.F., Fardo, D.W., and Estus, S. (2012). Genetics of clusterin isoform expression and Alzheimer’s disease risk. PLoS One 7, e33923.10.1371/journal.pone.0033923Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lista, S., Garaci, F.G., Toschi, N., and Hampel, H. (2013). Imaging epigenetics in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 19, 6393–6415.10.2174/13816128113199990370Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, G., Zhang, L., Feng, R., Liao, M., Jiang, Y., Chen, Z., Zhao, B., and Li, K. (2013). Lack of association between PICALM rs3851179 polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease in Chinese population and APOEε4-negative subgroup. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 1310.e9–1310.e10.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.015Suche in Google Scholar

Logge, W., Cheng, D., Chesworth, R. Bhatia, S., Garner, B., Kim, W.S., and Karl, T. (2012). Role of Abca7 in mouse behaviours relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 7, e45959.10.1371/journal.pone.0045959Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Lovestone, S., Davis, D.R., Webster, M.T., Kaech, S., Brion, J.P., Matus, A., and Anderton, B.H. (1999). Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation: effects in living cells and in neurons at therapeutic concentrations. Biol. Psychiatr. 45, 995–1003.10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00183-8Suche in Google Scholar

Malik, M., Simpson, J.F., Parikh, I., Wilfred, B.R., Fardo, D.W., Nelson, P.T., and Estus, S. (2013). CD33 Alzheimer’s risk-altering polymorphism, CD33 expression, and exon 2 splicing. J. Neurosci. 33, 13320–13325.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1224-13.2013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mangialasche, F., Solomon, A., Winblad, B., Mecocci, P., and Kivipelto, M. (2010). Alzheimer’s disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol. 9, 702–716.10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70119-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Martiskainen, H., Viswanathan, J., Nykanen, N.P., Kurki, M., Helisalmi, S., Natunen, T., Sarajarvi, T., Kurkinen, K.M., Pursiheimo, J.P., Rauramaa, T., et al. (2015). Transcriptomics and mechanistic elucidation of Alzheimer’s disease risk genes in the brain and in vitro models. Neurobiol. Aging 36, 1221.e15–28.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Mehta, M., Adem, A., and Sabbagh, M. (2012). New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 728983.10.1155/2012/728983Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Mengel-From, J., Christensen, K., McGue, M., and Christiansen, L. (2011). Genetic variations in the CLU and PICALM genes are associated with cognitive function in the oldest old. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 554.e7–554.e11.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.016Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Nencioni, A., Beck, J., Werth, D., Grunebach, F., Patrone, F., Ballestrero, A., and Brossart, P. (2007). Histone deacetylase inhibitors affect dendritic cell differentiation and immunogenicity. Clin. Cancer. Res. 13, 3933–3941.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2903Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Nuutinen, T., Suuronen, T., Kyrylenko, S., Huuskonen, J., and Salminen, A. (2005). Induction of clusterin/apoJ expression by histone deacetylase inhibitors in neural cells. Neurochem. Int. 47, 528–538.10.1016/j.neuint.2005.07.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Nuutinen, T., Suuronen, T., Kauppinen, A., and Salminen, A. (2009). Clusterin: a forgotten player in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. Rev. 61, 89–104.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Nygaard, H.B. (2013). Current and emerging therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Ther. 35, 1480–1489.10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.09.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Osborn, G.G. and Saunders, A.V. (2010). Current treatments for patients with Alzheimer disease. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 110(9 Suppl. 8), S16–S26.Suche in Google Scholar

Parikh, I., Fardo, D.W., and Estus, S. (2014). Genetics of expression and Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 9, e91242.10.1371/journal.pone.0091242Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Peserico, A. and Simone, C. (2011). Physical and functional HAT/HDAC interplay regulates protein acetylation balance. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 371832.10.1155/2011/371832Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Proitsi, P., Lee, S.H., Lunnon, K., Keohane, A., Powell, J., Troakes, C., Al-Sarraj, S., Furney, S., Soininen, H., Kłoszewska, I., et al. (2014). Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility variants in the MS4A6A gene are associated with altered levels of MS4A6A expression in blood. Neurobiol. Aging 35, 279–290.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Ramanan, V.K. and Saykin, A.J. (2013). Pathways to neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights from GWAS in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders. Am. J. Neurodegener. Dis. 2, 145–175.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rao, A.T., Degnan, A.J., and Levy, L.M. (2014). Genetics of Alzheimer Disease. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 35, 457–458.10.3174/ajnr.A3545Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Reinvang, I., Espeseth, T., and Westlye, L.T. (2013). APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1322–1335.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Reitz, C., Jun, G., Naj, A., Rajbhandary, R., Vardarajan, B.N., Wang, L.-S., Valladares, O., Lin, C.-F., Larson, E.B., Graff-Radford, N.R., et al. (2013). Variants in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA7), apolipoprotein E ε4, and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease in African Americans. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 309, 1483–1492.10.1001/jama.2013.2973Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Rodriguez-Rodriguez, E., Sánchez-Juan, P., Vazquez-Higuera, J.L., Mateo, I., Pozueta, A., Berciano, J., Cervantes, S., Alcolea, D., Martinez-Lage, P., Clarimon, J., et al. (2013). Genetic risk score predicting accelerated progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neural Transm. 120, 807–812.10.1007/s00702-012-0920-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Roussotte, F.F., Gutman, B.A., Madsen, S.K., Colby, J.B., and Thompson, P.M. (2014). Combined effects of Alzheimer risk variants in the CLU and ApoE genes on ventricular expansion patterns in the elderly. J. Neurosci. 34, 6537–6545.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5236-13.2014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Salloway, S. and Correia, S. (2009). Alzheimer disease: time to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 76, 49–58.10.3949/ccjm.76a.072178Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Satoh, K., Abe-Dohmae, S., Yokoyama, S., St. George-Hyslop, P., and Fraser, P. (2012). ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) effects on amyloid processing and relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 8, P473.10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1272Suche in Google Scholar

Schwab, J. and Illges, H. (2001). Regulation of CD21 expression by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Int. Immunol. 13, 705–710.10.1093/intimm/13.5.705Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Shuttleworth, S.J., Bailey, S.G., and Townsend, P.A. (2010). Histone Deacetylase inhibitors: new promise in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases. Curr. Drug Targets 11, 1430–1438.10.2174/1389450111009011430Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Simons, M., Keller, P., De Strooper, B., Beyreuther, K., Dotti, C.G., and Simons, K. (1998). Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6460–6464.10.1073/pnas.95.11.6460Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Smits, L.L., Pijnenburg, Y.A., van der Vlies, A.E., Koedam, E.L., Bouwman, F.H., Reuling, I.E., Scheltens, P., and van der Flier, W.M. (2015). Early onset APOE E4-negative Alzheimer’s disease patients show faster cognitive decline on non-memory domains. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 25, 1010–1017.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Steinberg, S., Stefansson, H., Jonsson, T., Johannsdottir, H., Ingason, A., Helgason, H., Sulem, P., Magnusson, O.T., Gudjonsson, S.A., Unnsteinsdottir, U., et al. (2015). Loss-of-function variants in ABCA7 confer risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 47, 445–447.10.1038/ng.3246Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Sun, L., Tan, M.S., Hu, N., Yu, J.T., and Tan, L. (2013). Exploring the value of plasma BIN1 as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 37, 291–295.10.3233/JAD-130392Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tan, M.S., Yu, J.T., and Tan, L. (2013). Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1): form, function, and Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Mol. Med. 19, 594–603.10.1016/j.molmed.2013.06.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tan, M.S., Yu, J.T., Jiang, T., Zhu, X.C., Guan, H.S., and Tan, L. (2014). Genetic variation in BIN1 gene and Alzheimer’s disease risk in Han Chinese individuals. Neurobiol. Aging 35, 1781.e1–1781.e8.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.151Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Talwar, P., Sinha, J., Grover, S., Rawat, C., Kushwaha, S., Agarwal, R., Taneja, V., and Kukreti, R. (2015). Dissecting complex and multifactorial nature of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: a clinical, genomic, and systems biology perspective. Mol. Neurobiol. 1–32.10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Tanida, S., Mizoshita, T., Ozeki, K., Tsukamoto, H., Kamiya, T., Kataoka, H., Sakamuro, D., and Joh, T. (2012). Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced apoptosis and of cisplatin sensitivity: potential of BIN1 to act as a potent predictor of cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer treatment. Int. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012, 862879.10.1155/2012/862879Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Thomas, R., Gerrish, A., Henson, A., Jones, L., Williams, J., and Kidd, E. (2014). Decreasing PICALM expression alters the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein. Alzheimer’s Assoc. Int. Conf. 10, P334–P335.10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.325Suche in Google Scholar

Tian, Y., Chang, J.C., Fan, E.Y., Flajolet, M., and Greengard, P. (2013). Adaptor complex AP2/PICALM, through interaction with LC3, targets Alzheimer’s APP-CTF for terminal degradation via autophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 17071–17076.10.1073/pnas.1315110110Suche in Google Scholar

U.S. FDA U.S. Department of health and human services food and drug administration. (2016). Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. 36th edition (www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/deve;lopmentapprovalprocess/ucm071436.pdf).Suche in Google Scholar

Van Cauwenberghe, C., Bettens, K., Engelborghs, S., Vandenbulcke, M., Van Dongen, J., Vermeulen, S., Vandenberghe, R., De Deyn, P.P., Van Broeckhoven, C., and Sleegers, K. (2013). Complement receptor 1 coding variant p.Ser1610Thr in Alzheimer’s disease and related endophenotypes. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 2235.e1–2235.e6.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.008Suche in Google Scholar

Vasquez, J. B., Fardo, D.W., and Estus, S. (2013). ABCA7 expression is associated with Alzheimer’s disease polymorphism and disease status. Neurosci. Lett. 556, 58–62.10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.058Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Vecsey, C.G., Hawk, J.D., Lattal, K.M., Stein, J.M., Fabian, S.A., Attner, M.A., Cabrera, S.M., McDonough, C.B., Brindle, P.K., Abel, T., et al. (2007). Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance memory and synaptic plasticity via CREB: CBP-dependent transcriptional activation. J. Neurosci. 27, 6128–6140.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0296-07.2007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Verghese, P.B., Castellano, J.M., and Holtzman, D.M. (2011). Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 10, 241–252.10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70325-2Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, J., Yu, J.T., Tan, M.S., Jiang, T., and Tan, L. (2013). Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Ageing Res. Rev. 12, 1024–1041.10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wirz, K.T., Keitel, S., Swaab, D.F., Verhaagen, J., and Bossers, K. (2014). Early molecular changes in Alzheimer disease: can we catch the disease in its presymptomatic phase? J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 38, 719–740.10.3233/JAD-130920Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Wood, M.A., Hawk, J.D., and Abel, T. (2006). Combinatorial chromatin modifications and memory storage: a code for memory? Learn. Mem. 13, 241–244.10.1101/lm.278206Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xiao, Q., Gil, S.C., Yan, P., Wang, Y., Han, S., Gonzales, E., Perez, R., Cirrito, J.R., and Lee, J.M. (2012). Role of phosphatidylinositol clathrin assembly lymphoid-myeloid leukemia (PICALM) in intracellular amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid plaque pathogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 21279–21289.10.1074/jbc.M111.338376Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xu, K., Dai, X.L., Huang, H.C., and Jiang, Z.F. (2011). Targeting HDACs: a promising therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2011, 143269.10.1155/2011/143269Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xu, X., Kozikowski, A.P., and Pozzo-Miller, L. (2014). A selective histone deacetylase-6 inhibitor improves BDNF trafficking in hippocampal neurons from Mecp2 knockout mice: implications for Rett syndrome. Front. Cell Neurosci. 8, 68.10.3389/fncel.2014.00068Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Yan, X. X., Ma, C., Gai, W. P., Cai, H., and Luo, X. G. (2014). Can BACE1 Inhibition Mitigate Early Axonal Pathology in Neurological Diseases? J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 38, 705–718.10.3233/JAD-131400Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Yang, S.S., Zhang, R., Wang, G., and Zhang, Y. (2017). The development prospection of HDAC inhibitors as a potential therapeutic direction in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl. Neurodegener. 6, 19.10.1186/s40035-017-0089-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Yu, J.T. and Tan, L. (2012). The role of clusterin in Alzheimer’s disease: pathways, pathogenesis, and therapy. Mol. Neurobiol. 45, 314–326.10.1007/s12035-012-8237-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Yu, J.T., Li, L., Zhu, Q.X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W, Wu, Z.C., Guan, J., and Tan, L. (2010). Implication of CLU gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 411, 1516–1519.10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Zabel, M.D., Weis, J.J., and Weis, J.H. (1999). Lymphoid transcription of the murine CD21 gene is positively regulated by histone acetylation. J. Immunol. 163, 2697–2703.10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2697Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhang, B., Gaiteri, C., Bodea, L.G., Wang, Z., McElwee, J., Podtelezhnikov, A.A., Zhang, C., Xie, T., Tran, L., Dobrin, R., et al. (2013). Integrated systems approach identifies genetic nodes and networks in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Cell 153, 707–720.10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.030Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Zhu, X.C., Yu, J.T., Jiang, T., Wang, P., Cao, L., and Tan, L. (2015). CR1 in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurobiol. 51, 753–765.10.1007/s12035-014-8723-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2017-7-4
Accepted: 2017-8-28
Published Online: 2018-2-5
Published in Print: 2018-3-28

©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 21.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0049/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen