Volume 8, Issue 2

Studies on Chinese lexical variations, an emerging field in research of Global Chinese, remain scarce. Drawing upon the notion of onomasiological variation, this study employs corpus linguistics to examine semantic and grammatical characteristics of Chinese variations of three timely lexicons, including online , offline , and digital in the Greater China Region like the mainland of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, and overseas countries including Singapore and Malaysia. The results revealed Chinese variation patterns across regions and indicate two tendencies. First, the variations of a lexicon are identical to one another when the selected Chinese speaking communities tend to use different Chinese variations. Second, the variations are likely to be semantically variant when the communities have the same tendency in using the variations. This study argues that corpus linguistics is applicable and appropriate in the research of Chinese lexical variations, as it allows both quantitative and qualitative analysis.

This article compares Mandarin Chinese (MC) proficiencies of bi/multilingual children from immigrant families in Canada (BM) with those of monolingual (bidialectal) children (M) from China across two age groups (5–7 and 10–12). The purpose of the comparison is to identify the threshold of mother tongue to heritage language shift among Canadian bi/multilinguals. The results of bivariate ANOVA analysis of 28 speech parameters in children’s narratives elicited with the help of picture prompts demonstrate significant effects of language and age groups on proficiency parameters as well as interactions between language and age group factors. In the younger age group (5–7), bi/multilinguals proficiency is higher in six parameters, and lower in eight parameters, as compared to monolinguals, i.e., language proficiencies of bi/multilinguals are overall on par with those by monolinguals. By contrast, in the older participant group (10–12), there is a higher number of significant differences between BM and M participants (20 out of 28 parameters), and monolinguals have higher proficiencies in all these parameters. Furthermore, within the language group, cross-age comparisons display a significant improvement in 16 speech parameters for the older monolinguals group as compared to the younger group, but none at all for the bi/multilinguals older versus younger groups. The results suggest that for children from immigrant families in the given location and settings, the threshold of Mandarin Chinese shift from a mother tongue to a heritage language occurs between the ages of 8–9 and is largely completed by the age of 10–12, as evidenced by lack of further development of speech parameters in the 10–12 BM group. These results are explained by the impact of majority language education and other social factors.

The Hakka language and identity enjoys full public recognition as one of the cultural groups in Taiwan. Nonetheless, its usage appears to be in decline. In a series of interviews, the situation of the Hakka language was evaluated. Taiwanese Hakka has developed its own peculiarities and converges with Guoyu; code-switching with Guoyu is common. The intergenerational transmission seems to be difficult. General education promoting global/standard languages, inter-linguistic marriages, urbanisation, mass media, and the increased need for wider communication seem to be responsible for a general decline of smaller languages, even while receiving extensive preservation measures.

提要： 本文穷尽地考察《全球华语大词典》“同实异形” 华语区域特有词。从词汇成员数量、词类、音节、流通范围等角度对其进行了定量描写与分析，归纳了主要特点，分析了主要来源。语言构造的多能性和时空性是同实异形华语区域特有词成词的主要动因。其中，语言构造的多能性是其出现的必要条件，语言构造的时空性是其出现的重要影响条件。

摘要 文章以《马来西亚华语特有词语词典》B字母下的 161 个词语为对象, 主要由普通话 “输入” 的角度切入, 来了解与呈现当今全球华语的融合状况。由数量看, 普通话输入的词语占比近六成, 但是由使用情况来看, 则有很大的不平衡性。文章也对普通话未输入词语进行调查和解释, 试图以此来观察哪些词语更易为普通话吸收, 结论是英语以外的其他民族借词以及狭义的社区词占了未输入词语的绝大多数, 它们是马来西亚华语中最具本土化特征的部分。

摘要 人体部位词汇在各种语言里基本上都属于编码较早的基本词汇，反映了一个民族对于自我以及自我和周围世界关系的认识，因而携带了大量的民族文化信息。本文基于汉语、英语语料库和词典中所收录的鼻部词汇的对比分析，发现汉英两种语言在鼻部词汇上呈现出比较明显的差异，尤其是外鼻词汇的编码密度和构词规律上有较大的差异。这种差异反映了汉英两种语言在语言类型上的不同，也反映了汉英两种语言背后的民族历史文化和思维方式的差异。

摘要 文章就香港社区词的词义进行探讨，主要研究以下四个问题：香港社区词词义的特点，香港社区词词义的形成方式，香港社区词中多义词的不同意义之间的联系方式，香港社区词词义关联方式与普通话词义关联方式上的异同。文章认为，概括起来，香港社区词里，无论是单义词还是多义词，在词汇意义的侧重点、词的色彩意义、词义的委婉含蓄程度、词义的构成理据等方面都呈现了鲜明的特点。香港社区词词义的形成方式主要有五种：依靠单个词素的借代意义构成社区词的词义，依靠单个词素的比喻意义构成社区词的词义，依靠单个词素的特有意义构成社区词的词义，依靠整个词中各个词素意义通过比喻构成社区词的词义，依靠整个词中各个词素意义通过借代构成社区词的词义。香港社区多义词词义的关联方式主要有以下七种：比喻、借代、特指、泛指、引申、类比、比拟等。香港社区词中的多义词跟共同语普通话里多义词在词义的关联方式上有同有异，二者都具有比喻、借代、特指、引申四类; 而泛指、类比、比拟是社区词词义特有的类型。

提要： 相关文献显示，语体对程度副词的语法表现具有一定影响，而现有的马来西亚华语程度副词研究多基于单一语体语料，缺乏在书面语和口语中的语体分布考察。鉴于以上研究现状，本文采用语料库研究法，分别创建马来西亚华语书面语料库（476万字）和口语语料库（47.3万字），分析了71个程度副词的语体分布情况。同时采用比较研究法，将马来西亚华语与普通话进行比较，指出马来西亚华语程度副词语体分布的特殊性。研究结果发现，马来西亚华语程度副词根据其语体分布可分为五类：书面语性、书面语常用、通用、口语常用和口语性程度副词。此外，马来西亚华语与普通话语体分类一致的程度副词约占半数，而分类不一致的部分则体现出马来西亚华语“白的更白，文的更文”以及“文白混合”的特点。本研究对马来西亚华语程度副词的语体分布进行了系统性的梳理，挖掘其特殊性，希望能加深对马来西亚华语词类特点的认识。

摘要 印度尼西亚的华文教育在 1920 年代到 1930 年代曾经对小学阶段的课程采取了一系列的本地化措施，但是因为面向祖国的办学方针始终根深蒂固，所以导致横向上配合不够，纵向上连接失调，学生不能学以致用，没有为华人学子奠定坚实的谋生基础。华文小学理想的本地化课程配置应该坚持三个面向：面向祖国，面向居留地，面向学子谋生。在课程设置本地化的具体过程中，应该始终固守以汉语汉字为标志的中华文化传承。为了最大限度地实现顺畅交际，除了学习汉语标准语，还要学习当地比较流行的汉语方言、本地土语及官方语言;配合相关的语言学习，实用的谋生技能的学习也要协调推进，同时，体现本地风土文化的内容不可或缺。

In 2021, Huayu study has been expanded and deepened at the ontology and application levels, and has achieved fruitful results. The former shows that the situation of more synchronic research and less diachronic research has improved. While the synchronic research has increased steadily, a lot of diachronic research has been added; the latter has carried out a series of researches on important topics such as Chinese teaching and Huayu planning. On the whole, the research content is more abundant, the scope is expanded, and the perspectives tend to be diversified. However, this year’s Huayu studies are still relatively weak in some aspects, such as Huayu theoretical construction and empirical research. In addition, the construction and application of Huayu corpus have begun to receive great attention, which may become the future trend of Huayu study.