Startseite Bio-Based Hybrid Polymers from Vinyl Ester Resin and Modified Palm Oil: Synthesis and Characterization
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Bio-Based Hybrid Polymers from Vinyl Ester Resin and Modified Palm Oil: Synthesis and Characterization

  • A. Fakhari , A. R. Rahmat , M. U. Wahit und R. Arjmandi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. Februar 2017
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

A series of bio-based hybrid thermosets composed of maleinated acrylated epoxidized palm oil (MAEPO) and vinyl ester resin (VE) were produced using free radical-induced crosslinking. The amount of petroleum-based resin which was replaced by bio-resin (MAEPO) was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. The structure of the polymer systems was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical properties of the VE/MAEPO resins were studied using tensile, flexural and impact tests. The result obtained from structural analysis revealed that for the polymer hybrids with up to 20 wt% bio-resin content, there is good compatibility between MAEPO and VE as no phase separation was observed for these systems. The prepared eco-friendly bio-based thermosetting resins exhibit remarkable improvement in toughness parameters, such as ductility and impact strength, thereby showing potential for use in composites and nanocomposites applications.


*Correspondence address, Mail address: Alireza Fakhari, Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, E-mail:

References

Baltacioğlu, H., Balköse, D. M., “Effect of Zinc Stearate and/or Epoxidized Soybean Oil on Gelation and Thermal Stability of PVC-DOP Plastigels”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 24882498 (1999) 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991205)74:10<2488::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-BSuche in Google Scholar

Brown, J., Mathys, Z., “Reinforcement and Matrix Effects on the Combustion Properties of Glass Reinforced Polymer Composites”, Composites Part A, 28, 675681 (1997) 10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00018-3Suche in Google Scholar

Choi, J. S., Park, W. H., “Effect of Biodegradable Plasticizers on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)”, Polym. Test., 23, 455460 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.09.005Suche in Google Scholar

Cook, W. D., Simon, G. P., Burchill, P. J., Lau, M. and Fitch, T. J., “Curing Kinetics and Thermal Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 64, 769781 (1997) 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970425)64:4<769::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-PSuche in Google Scholar

Fakhari, A., Rahmat, A. R., Wahit, B., Uzir, M. and Shoot Kian, Y., “Synthesis of New Bio-Based Thermoset Resin from Palm Oil”, Adv. Mater. Res., 391, 7882 (2014) 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.931-932.78Suche in Google Scholar

Galià, M., De Espinosa, L. M., Ronda, J. C., Lligadas, G. and Cádiz, V., “Vegetable Oil-Based Thermosetting Polymers”, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 112, 8796 (2010) 10.1002/ejlt.200900096Suche in Google Scholar

Garg, M. S., Srivastava, K. and Srivastava, D., “Study of Degradation Kinetics of Bio-Based Vinyl Ester Resin Using Thermogravimetric Analyzer”, Malaysian Polym. J., 9, 1017 (2014)Suche in Google Scholar

Gaur, B., Rai, J., “Curing and Decomposition Behaviour of Vinyl Ester Resins”, Polymer, 33, 42104214 (1992) 10.1016/0032-3861(92)90631-6Suche in Google Scholar

Haq, M., Burgueño, R., Mohanty, A. K. and Misra, M., “Bio-Based Polymer Nanocomposites from UPE/EML Blends and Nanoclay: Development, Experimental Characterization and Limits to Synergistic Performance”, Composites Part A, 42, 4149 (2011) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.10.004Suche in Google Scholar

Karbhari, V., Chin, J., Hunston, D., Benmokrane, B., Juska, T., Morgan, R., Lesko, J., Sorathia, U. and Reynaud, D., “Durability Gap Analysis for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Civil Infrastructure”, J. Compos. Constr., 7, 238247 (2003) 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238)Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, C., Dai, Y., Wang, C., Xie, H., Zhou, Y., Lin, X. and Zhang, L., “Phase-Separation Dominating Mechanical Properties of a Novel Tung-Oil-Based Thermosetting Polymer”, Ind. Crops Prod., 43, 677683 (2013a) 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.072Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, C., Lei, W., Cai, Z., Chen, J., Hu, L., Dai, Y. and Zhou, Y., “Use of Tung Oil as a Reactive Toughening Agent in Dicyclopentadiene-Terminated Unsaturated Polyester Resins”, Ind. Crops Prod., 49, 412418 (2013b) 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.05.023Suche in Google Scholar

Lu, J., Khot, S. and Wool, R. P., “New Sheet Molding Compound Resins from Soybean Oil. I. Synthesis and Characterization”, Polymer, 46, 7180 (2005) 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.060Suche in Google Scholar

Lu, J., Wool, R. P., “Novel Thermosetting Resins for SMC Applications from Linseed Oil: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 99, 24812488 (2006)10.1002/app.22843Suche in Google Scholar

Mackey, P. W., U.S. Patent 5 670 553 (1997)Suche in Google Scholar

Marechal, E., Rao, B. and Madec, P., “Synthesis of Vinyl Ester Resins–Evidence of Secondary Reactions by C-13 NMR”, Polym. Bull., 16, 153157 (1986) 10.1007/BF00955485Suche in Google Scholar

Miao, S., Wang, P., Su, Z. and Zhang, S., “Vegetable-Oil-Based Polymers as Future Polymeric Biomaterials”, Acta Biomater., 10, 16921704 (2014) 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.040Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Miyagawa, H., Misra, M., Drzal, L. T. and Mohanty, A. K., “Fracture Toughness and Impact Strength of Anhydride-Cured Biobased Epoxy”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 45, 487495 (2005) 10.1002/pen.20290Suche in Google Scholar

Pirvu, A., Gardner, D. J. and Lopez-Anido, R., “Carbon Fiber-Vinyl Ester Composite Reinforcement of Wood Using the VARTM/SCRIMP Fabrication Process”, Composites Part A, 35, 12571265 (2004) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.003Suche in Google Scholar

Sandalls, P., Yates, B., Baggott, R., Kanellopoulos, V., Wostenholm, G. and Stevenson, B., “Influence of the Cure Cycle upon Selected Physical Properties of a Vinyl Ester Resin”, J. Mater. Sci., 23, 14431452 (1988) 10.1007/BF01154615Suche in Google Scholar

Sithique, M. A., Alagar, M., “Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Nanocomposites from Epoxidized Soy Bean Oil and Layered Silicate”, Malaysian Polym. J., 5, 151161 (2010)Suche in Google Scholar

Siva, P., Varma, I., Patel, D. and Sinha, T., “Effect of Structure on Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins”, Bull. Mater. Sci., 17, 10951101 (1994) 10.1007/BF02757587Suche in Google Scholar

Srivastava, I., Koratkar, N., “Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Nanocomposites”, JOM, 62, 5057 (2010) 10.1007/s11837-010-0032-8Suche in Google Scholar

Sultania, M., Rai, J. and Srivastava, D., “Synthesis and Curing of Cardanol-Based Vinyl Ester Resins for Applications in Surface Coatings-I”, Paintindia, 59, 89108 (2009)Suche in Google Scholar

Sultania, M., Rai, J. and Srivastava, D., “Kinetic Modeling of Esterification of Cardanol-Based Epoxy Resin in the Presence of Triphenylphosphine for Producing Vinyl Ester Resin: Mechanistic Rate Equation”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 118, 19791989 (2010a) 10.1002/app.31985Suche in Google Scholar

Sultania, M., Rai, J. and Srivastava, D., “Studies on the Synthesis and Curing of Epoxidized Novolac Vinyl Ester Resin from Renewable Resource Material”, Eur. Polym. J., 46, 20192032 (2010b) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.07.014Suche in Google Scholar

Sun, B., Gu, B. and Ding, X., “Compressive Behavior of 3-D Angle-Interlock Woven Fabric Composites at Various Strain Rates”, Polym. Test., 24, 447454 (2005) 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.01.005Suche in Google Scholar

Tan, S., Chow, W., “Biobased Epoxidized Vegetable Oils and its Greener Epoxy Blends: A Review”, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 49, 15811590 (2010) 10.1080/03602559.2010.512338Suche in Google Scholar

Yeh, H.-Y., Yang, S. C., “Building of a Composite Transmission Tower”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 16, 414424 (1997)10.1177/073168449701600502Suche in Google Scholar

Ziaee, S., Palmese, G. R., “Effects of Temperature on Cure Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Vinyl–Ester Resins”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 37, 725744 (1999) 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990401)37:7<725::AID-POLB23>3.0.CO;2-ESuche in Google Scholar

Received: 2015-08-25
Accepted: 2016-06-09
Published Online: 2017-02-20
Published in Print: 2017-03-03

© 2017, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Editorial
  4. New Associate Editor for the Americas
  5. Regular Contributed Articles
  6. Effect of Flow Induced Orientation of Carbon Nanotubes on the Capillary Extrusion Behavior of Low-Density Polyethylene
  7. Mullins Effect under Compression Mode and its Reversibility of Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Based on Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Blend
  8. Bio-Based Hybrid Polymers from Vinyl Ester Resin and Modified Palm Oil: Synthesis and Characterization
  9. Study on Crystal Form Transition and Non-Isothermal Crystallization of Glycidyl Methacrylate Grafted Isotactic Polybutene-1
  10. Flashing Method for Fabricating Micro Scale Fibers, Spheres, Porous and Condensed Polymer Structures
  11. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of SPEEK/Polyaniline Composite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
  12. Rotational Molding of Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Fumed Silica Nanocomposites
  13. Design Guidelines to Balance the Flow Distribution in Complex Profile Extrusion Dies
  14. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Based on Polypropylene/Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer/Graphene
  15. An Engineering Model that Simulates Pantographing Occurring in the Shaping Process of Reinforced Uncured Rubber Parts
  16. The Influence of Different Melt Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded PA-12 and the Post Process Detection by Thermal Analysis
  17. Morphology and Thermal Behavior of TPU/PP Blends Modified with Maleic Anhydride Grafted SEBS-g-MA Block Copolymer
  18. Extrusion Blow Molding of Polymeric Blends Based on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer and High Density Polyethylene
  19. Characterization of Stereocomplex Polylactide/Nanoclay Nanocomposites
  20. Attempts to Optimize the Dispersion State during Twin-Screw Extrusion of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites
  21. Rapid Communications
  22. Improved Layer Mechanical Properties of Micro Injection Molded PP
  23. PPS News
  24. PPS News
  25. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
  26. Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
Heruntergeladen am 25.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/217.3166/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen