Startseite Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
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Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park

  • Jarred Zimmerman EMAIL logo und Peter B. Larson
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Juli 2024
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 109 Heft 8

Abstract

Ba-rich minerals are frequently observed in epithermal environments and include characteristic phases such as barite and alunite supergroup minerals. At Yellowstone, electron microprobe analysis shows that Ba in the unaltered third-cycle Tuff of Sulphur Creek is largely contained within sanidine phenocrysts (mean 1.60 wt% BaO) with lesser concentrations in plagioclase (mean 0.22 wt% BaO) and volcanic glass (mean 0.05 wt% BaO). Whole-rock XRD analyses of rocks hydrothermally altered by alkaline-chloride fluids at Ridge 7741 in Seven Mile Hole, Yellowstone National Park, show they are dominated by illite + quartz ± hydrothermal feldspar, primarily adularia. In this alteration zone, adularia is the principal phase that contains significant Ba (mean 0.43 wt% BaO). In shallower alteration, dominated by acid-sulfate assemblages, such as kaolinite + opaline silica ± alunite supergroup minerals (alunite, walthierite, huangite) ± barite, Ba is sequestered in the sulfate minerals. Alunite supergroup minerals (mean 1.12 wt% BaO) are more prevalent than barite and are largely found from the modern valley rim to about 60 m below the modern surface, especially around the South Fork of Sulphur Creek. However, nearly 80 m below the modern rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, in areas previously altered by alkaline-chloride fluids, adularia altered to alunite supergroup minerals may contain similar to slightly elevated Ba concentrations relative to the replaced grain. Barite is primarily found sporadically in altered rocks along the valley rim of the South Fork of Sulphur Creek, with rare occurrences along the rim of the Grand Canyon. Despite the hydrothermal alteration, whole-rock XRF and ICP-MS analyses show similar mean concentrations between unaltered (0.11 wt% BaO) and altered (0.09 wt% BaO) Tuff of Sulphur Creek samples. Hydrothermally altered rocks are important sources of Yellowstone low-δ18O rhyolites, like the Tuff of Sulphur Creek, which inherits their low δ18O signal from them. Cenozoic rhyolites throughout the North American Cordillera tend to exhibit high Ba concentrations, including the low-δ18O Yellowstone rhyolites. This work shows that hydrothermal alteration mobilizes Ba in volcanic units with minimal dispersion of Ba out of that unit. The genesis of similar silicic volcanic rocks with elevated Ba, relative to mean upper crustal concentrations, may be the result of partial melting of hydrothermally altered rock.

Keywords: Epithermal; Yellowstone; barium; hydrothermal; alkaline-chloride; acid-sulfate; rhyolite

Acknowledgments and Funding

Thanks are extended to all those who helped in the field: John Stanfield, Olivia Hecimovich, Jenna Kaplan, Brock Rysdahl, Megan Guenther, Philip Moffatt, and Anthony Sorensen. The authors thank Chris H. Gammons for providing notes on an early draft of the manuscript. We also thank the reviewers, Chad Pritchard and Alexander Simakin, whose insights were invaluable in strengthening the manuscript and its assertions. Sampling permits were issued by Yellowstone National Park, Research Permit Office with the help of Annie E. Carlson. This study was funded by the Society of Economic Geologists Canada Foundation (SEGCF) Grant SRG 21-02 and the 2020 NASA Space Grant Fellowship in Science and Engineering awarded to Jarred Zimmerman and by the School of the Environment, Washington State University.

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Received: 2023-03-06
Accepted: 2023-12-22
Published Online: 2024-07-31
Published in Print: 2024-08-27

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  2. Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
  3. Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
  4. Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-8996
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Epithermal; Yellowstone; barium; hydrothermal; alkaline-chloride; acid-sulfate; rhyolite

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
  2. Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
  3. Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
  4. Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
  5. Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
  6. Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
  7. A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
  8. Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
  9. Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
  10. Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
  11. Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
  12. Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
  13. Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
  14. New Mineral Names
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