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Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions

  • Wenting Huang , Michael J. Stock , Paul C. Guyett , Xiao-Ping Xia ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Huaying Liang , Weidong Sun and Chun-kit Lai
Published/Copyright: July 31, 2024
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Abstract

Porphyry-type deposits in the shallow crust (3–5 km) are formed from metal-rich fluids exsolved from underlying magma chambers (5–15 km). However, a direct volatile record of the fluid exsolution in the magma chamber is commonly lacking. Here, we analyze the compositions of apatite inclusions (in biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts and fully/partly included in zircon microphenocrysts) and the apatite in groundmass from the largest Cretaceous Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in South China. In combination with thermodynamic models, we reconstructed the volatile behavior in the ore-forming magma. The analyzed apatites are magmatic in origin, without hydrothermal overprint, as indicated by their homogeneous cathodoluminescence (CL) and higher Cl and REE contents than typical hydrothermal apatite. Apatite inclusions fully enclosed in zircon show decreasing XClAp/XOHAp (1.5–0.1) with increasing XFAp/XOHAp (0.4–3.3) and XFAp/XClAp (0.5–21), and display a steep drop in XClAp at approximately constant XOHAp in the ternary F-Cl-OH plot. These trends follow the modeled compositional trajectories of isobaric, H2O-saturated crystallization, indicating volatile exsolution during or before zircon crystallization in the magma chamber. Groundmass apatite crystals, phenocryst-hosted apatite inclusions, and apatite inclusions that are partially enclosed by zircon microphenocrysts have comparable volatile compositions, with much higher XFAp/XOHAp (1.7–78.8) and XFAp/XClAp (2.3–37.5) but lower XOHAp and XClAp than those fully enclosed in zircon. Compositional similarities between these crystals in different textural associations indicate that the phenocryst-hosted apatite inclusions do not preserve their original volatile records at the time of entrapment, and the volatile compositions were overprinted by later re-equilibration with the residual melt and the exsolved magmatic fluids. Given the porphyry magma is highly oxidized, and sulfides phases would be unstable in such circumstance, we suggest that volatile exsolution in the magma chamber is essential for Cl and Cu-Mo extraction from the melts and therefore the porphyry mineralization. In this study, only zircon-hosted apatite inclusions appear to best record the magmatic volatile compositions in a porphyry system. Therefore, using apatite hosted in other minerals or groundmass compositions to unravel magma volatile contents in porphyry Cu systems should be conducted with caution.

Acknowledgments and Funding

The data of this work are available in the article and its Online Materials[1]. We thank Daniel E. Harlov for handling the manuscript and Andreas Audétat and Chetan Nathwani for their constructive suggestions, which helped to significantly improve the manuscript. This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42072088) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0702600). We thank Changming Xing, Yonghua Cao, and Wenlan Zhang for their help with the electron microprobe analyses. W.H. acknowledges the support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) Scholarship (No. 202104910197). M.S. was supported by a Frontiers for the Future grant (20/FFP-P/8895), co-funded by Science Foundation Ireland and Geological Survey Ireland. P.G. was supported by SFI Research Centre for Applied Geosciences, Ireland (iCRAG, 13/RC/2092_2).

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Received: 2023-02-07
Accepted: 2023-11-22
Published Online: 2024-07-31
Published in Print: 2024-08-27

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
  2. Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
  3. Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
  4. Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
  5. Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
  6. Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
  7. A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
  8. Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
  9. Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
  10. Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
  11. Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
  12. Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
  13. Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
  14. New Mineral Names
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