Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
-
Huan-Huan Wu
,
Zhao-Chong Zhang
Abstract
The magmatic-hydrothermal transition in granite-related, rare-metal metallogenic systems has received great attention as economic rare metal (including rare earth) minerals reach saturation and trigger mineralization at this stage. However, deciphering the details of the melt-fluid evolution process and the distribution behavior of rare metals remains difficult. Here, we applied tourmaline chemistry and B isotopes to unravel processes at the magmatic-hydrothermal transition that are responsible for rare-metal partitioning in the Huoshibulake (HS) and Tamu (TM) REE-Nb-mineralized intrusions in Southern Tianshan, SW Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Three types of tourmaline are identified in the plutons: (1) disseminated tourmaline in the granite, with a brown-yellow core (HS-DB) and blue-green rim (HS-DG); (2) orbicular tourmaline, with a brown-yellow core (HS-OB and TM-OB) and blue-green rim (HS-OG and TM-OG); and (3) vein tourmaline (HS-V and TM-V). Compositionally, all these tourmalines exhibit extremely low Ca and Mg contents and are classified as schorl. The substitution processes of major-element variations are dominantly caused by (Al,□)(Fe,Na)−1 exchange vectors. Four generations of tourmaline crystallization are established based on the petrographic, compositional, and B isotopes evolution of the tourmaline. First, the HS-DB crystals crystallized from the highly evolved residual melt, and then HS-OB and TM-OB precipitated from immiscible B-rich aqueous melts during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Subsequently, the blue-green overgrowths (HS-DG, HS-OG, and TM-OG) crystallized from exsolved hydrothermal fluids. Finally, the formation of HS-V and TM-V resulted from another melt pulse from a deeper magma chamber. The magmatic tourmaline exhibits a narrow range of δ11B values between −12.6 to −10.0‰, while the hydrothermal tourmaline shows significantly heavier and variable δ11B values ranging from −10.2 to −4.9‰. The fractionation of B isotopes is reproduced by Rayleigh fractionation modeling. Lower Nb and Sn contents in the orbicular tourmaline relative to those precipitated from the residual melt, along with the lack of rare-metal minerals in the orbicules, indicate that B-rich melt/fluid exsolution does not necessarily contribute to the rare-metal mineralization. In comparison, the veins contain abundant rare-metal and REE minerals in close paragenesis with fluorite, and the vein tourmaline shows high-Nb and -Sn contents. These observations suggest that saturation of fluorite triggered the precipitation of rare metals, and fluorine played a critical role in rare metal concentration and mineralization. This study highlights the potential of tourmaline to trace the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and provide insights into rare-metal mineralization in the granitic systems.
Acknowledgments and funding
We thank Bei-Bei Pan and Hai-Zhou Li for their assistance during fieldwork. We extend our thanks to Yong-Jun Zhao, Kui-Dong Zhao, He-Dong Zhao, Di Zhang, and Chao Li for their help during the EPMA and LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis. We appreciate Andrea Dini and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. We are grateful to chief editor Don Baker and associate editor Paul Tomascak for their guidance and support throughout the review process.
This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant nos. 42173052 and 92162322) and Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (grant nos. 2023-JC-QN-0345 and 2023-JC-YB-241). The visit of Huanhuan Wu at University of St Andrews was funded by the China Scholarship Council (no. 202206400021).
References cited
Audétat, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Kronz, A., Pettke, T., Rusk, B., Donovan, J.J., and Lowers, H.A. (2015) Characterisation of a natural quartz crystal as a reference material for microanalytical determination of Ti, Al, Li, Fe, Mn, Ga and Ge. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 39, 171–184.Search in Google Scholar
Bai, T.B. and Koster Van Groos, A.F. (1999) The distribution of Na, K, Rb, Sr, Al, Ge, Cu, W, Mo, La, and Ce between granitic melts and coexisting aqueous fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1117–1131, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00284-1.Search in Google Scholar
Balen, D. and Broska, I. (2011) Tourmaline nodules: Products of devolatilization within the final evolutionary stage of granitic melt? Special Publication—Geological Society of London, 350, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP350.4x.Search in Google Scholar
Ballouard, C., Poujol, M., Boulvais, P., Branquet, Y., Tartèse, R., and Vigneresse, J.L. (2016) Nb-Ta fractionation in peraluminous granites: A marker of the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Geology, 44, 231–234, https://doi.org/10.1130/G37475.1.Search in Google Scholar
Ballouard, C., Massuyeau, M., Elburg, M.A., Tappe, S., Viljoen, F., and Brandenburg, J.T. (2020) The magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of felsic igneous rocks as seen through Nb-Ta geochemical fractionation, with implications for the origins of rare-metal mineralizations. Earth-Science Reviews, 203, 103115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103115.Search in Google Scholar
Bassett, R.L. (1976) The geochemistry of boron in thermal waters, 307 p. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University.Search in Google Scholar
Borodulin, G.P., Chevychelov, V.Y., and Zaraysky, G.P. (2009) Experimental study of partitioning of tantalum, niobium, manganese, and fluorine between aqueous fluoride fluid and granitic and alkaline melts. Doklady Earth Sciences, 427, 868–873, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09050341.Search in Google Scholar
Carr, P., Norman, M.D., Bennett, V.C., and Blevin, P.L. (2021) Tin enrichment in magmatic-hydrothermal environments associated with cassiterite mineralization at Ardlethan, Eastern Australia: Insights from Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope compositions in tourmaline. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 116, 147–167, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4774.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, F.W., Li, H.Q., and Lu, Y.F. (2002) Temporo-spatial distribution of rare metal and REE deposits in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Acta Geologica Sinica—English Edition, 76, 478–487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2002.tb00101.x.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, Z.G., Zhang, Z.C., Aibai, A., Kong, W.L., and Holtz, F. (2018) The role of magmatic and post-magmatic hydrothermal processes on rare-earth element mineralization: A study of the Bachu carbonatites from the Tarim Large Igneous Province, NW China. Lithos, 314–315, 71–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.05.023.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, L., Zhang, C., Zhou, Y., Horn, I., Weyer, S., and Holtz, F. (2022) Experiments reveal enrichment of 11B in granitic melt resulting from tourmaline crystallisation. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 20, 37–42, https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2206.Search in Google Scholar
Chevychelov, V.Y., Zaraisky, G.P., Borisovskii, S.E., and Borkov, D.A. (2005) Effect of melt composition and temperature on the partitioning of Ta, Nb, Mn, and F between granitic (alkaline) melt and fluorine-bearing aqueous fluid: Fractionation of Ta and Nb and conditions of ore formation in rare-metal granites. Petrology, 13, 305–321.Search in Google Scholar
Cui, J.Q., Yang, S.Y., Jiang, S.Y., and Xie, J. (2019) Improved accuracy for trace element analysis of Al and Ti in quartz by electron probe microanalysis. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 25, 47–57.Search in Google Scholar
Cui, J.Q., Guo, S.B., Zhang, R.X., Xie, J., and Yang, S.Y. (2021) EPMA simultaneous determination of an element by multi-spectrometer: A case study of the determination of Al and Ti contents in quartz. Geological Journal of China Universities, 27, 340.Search in Google Scholar
Dingwell, D.B., Pichavant, M., and Holtz, F. (1996) Experimental studies of boron in granitic melts. In L.M. Anovitz and E.S. Grew, Eds., Boron, 33, 331–386. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar
Drivenes, K., Larsen, R.B., Müller, A., Sørensen, B.E., Wiedenbeck, M., and Raanes, M.P. (2015) Late-magmatic immiscibility during batholith formation: Assessment of B isotopes and trace elements in tourmaline from the Land’s End granite, SW England. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 169, 56, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1151-6.Search in Google Scholar
Dutrow, B.L. and Henry, D.J. (2011) Tourmaline: A geologic DVD. Elements, 7, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.5.301.Search in Google Scholar
Dyar, M.D., Wiedenbeck, M., Robertson, D., Cross, L.R., Delaney, J.S., Ferguson, K., Francis, C.A., Grew, E.S., Guidotti, C.V., Hervig, R.L., and others. (2001) Reference minerals for the microanalysis of light elements. Geostandards Newsletter, 25, 441–463, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2001.tb00616.x.Search in Google Scholar
Gao, J., Klemd, R., Qian, Q., Zhang, X., Li, J., Jiang, T., and Yang, Y. (2011) The collision between the Yili and Tarim blocks of the Southwestern Altaids: Geochemical and age constraints of a leucogranite dike crosscutting the HPLT metamorphic belt in the Chinese Tianshan Orogen. Tectonophysics, 499, 118–131.Search in Google Scholar
Gurenko, A.A., Veksler, I.V., Meixner, A., Thomas, R., Dorfman, A.M., and Dingwell, D.B. (2005) Matrix effect and partitioning of boron isotopes between immiscible Si-rich and B-rich liquids in the Si-Al-B-Ca-Na-O system: A SIMS study of glasses quenched from centrifuge experiments. Chemical Geology, 222, 268–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.004.Search in Google Scholar
Halter, W.E. and Webster, J.D. (2004) The magmatic to hydrothermal transition and its bearing on ore-forming systems. Chemical Geology, 210, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.001.Search in Google Scholar
Harlaux, M., Kouzmanov, K., Gialli, S., Laurent, O., Rielli, A., Dini, A., Chauvet, A., Menzies, A., Kalinaj, M., and Fontboté, L. (2020) Tourmaline as a tracer of late-magmatic to hydrothermal fluid evolution: The world-class San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Peru. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 115, 1665–1697, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4762.Search in Google Scholar
Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1990) Ca substitution in Li-poor aluminous tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 111–124.Search in Google Scholar
Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (2012) Tourmaline at diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic conditions: Its petrologic applicability. Lithos, 154, 16–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.08.013.Search in Google Scholar
Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: An example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist, 70, 1–15.Search in Google Scholar
Henry, D.J., Novak, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ertl, A., Dutrow, B.L., Uher, P., and Pezzotta, F. (2011) Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals. American Mineralogist, 96, 895–913, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2011.3636.Search in Google Scholar
Hervig, R.L., Moore, G.M., Williams, L.B., Peacock, S.M., Holloway, J.R., and Roggensack, K. (2002) Isotopic and elemental partitioning of boron between hydrous fluid and silicate melt. American Mineralogist, 87, 769–774, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-5-620.Search in Google Scholar
Hong, W., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L.J., Fox, N., and Thompson, J. (2017) Tourmaline-rich features in the Heemskirk and Pieman Heads granites from western Tasmania, Australia: Characteristics, origins, and implications for tin mineralization. American Mineralogist, 102, 876–899, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5838.Search in Google Scholar
Hong, W., Fox, N., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L.J., and Fayek, M. (2020) B- and O-isotopic compositions of tourmaline constrain late-stage magmatic volatile exsolution in Tasmanian tin-related granite systems. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00885-5.Search in Google Scholar
Hou, K.J., Li, Y.H., Xiao, Y.K., Liu, F., and Tian, Y.R. (2010) In situ boron isotope measurements of natural geological materials by LA-MC-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55, 3305–3311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4064-9.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, R.F and Audétat, A. (2012) The titanium-in-quartz (TitaniQ) thermobarometer: A critical examination and re-calibration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 84, 75–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.009.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, H., Zhang, Z.C., Kusky, T., Santosh, M., Zhang, S., Zhang, D.Y., Liu, J.L., and Zhao, Z.D. (2012) Continental vertical growth in the transitional zone between South Tianshan and Tarim, western Xinjiang, NW China: Insight from the Permian Halajun A1-type granitic magmatism. Lithos, 155, 49–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.08.014.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, H., Zhang, Z.C., Santosh, M., Zhang, D.Y., and Wang, T. (2015) Petrogenesis of the Early Permian volcanic rocks in the Chinese South Tianshan: Implications for crustal growth in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithos, 228–229, 23–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.04.017.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, Z.C., Li, C., and Qin, Q. (2018) Highly differentiated fluorine-rich, alkaline granitic magma linked to rare metal mineralization: A case study from the Boziguo’er rare metal granitic pluton in South Tianshan Terrane, Xinjiang, NW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 96, 146–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.021.Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, S.Y., Yu, J.M., and Lu, J.J. (2004) Trace and rare-earth element geochemistry in tourmaline and cassiterite from the Yunlong tin deposit, Yunnan, China: Implication for migmatitic-hydrothermal fluid evolution and ore genesis. Chemical Geology, 209, 193–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.04.021.Search in Google Scholar
Kaeter, D., Barros, R., Menuge, J.F., and Chew, D.M. (2018) The magmatic–hydrothermal transition in rare-element pegmatites from southeast Ireland: LA-ICP-MS chemical mapping of muscovite and columbite-tantalite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 240, 98–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.024.Search in Google Scholar
Kakihana, H., Kotaka, M., Satoh, S., Nomura, M., and Okamoto, M. (1977) Fundamental studies on the ion-exchange separation of boron isotopes. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 50, 158–163, https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.50.158.Search in Google Scholar
Kowalski, P.M., and Wunder, B. (2018) Boron isotope fractionation among vaporliquids-solids-melts: Experiments and atomistic modeling. In H. Marschall and G. Foster, Eds., Advances in Geochemistry: Boron Isotopes: The Fifth Element, 7, p. 33–69. Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Linnen, R.L., Samson, I.M., Williams-Jones, A.E., and Chakhmouradian, A.R. (2014) Geochemistry of the rare-earth element, Nb, Ta, Hf, and Zr deposits. Treatise on Geochemistry, 13, 543–568, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01124-4.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, T. and Jiang, S.Y. (2021) Multiple generations of tourmaline from Yushishanxi leucogranite in South Qilian of western China record a complex formation history from B-rich melt to hydrothermal fluid. American Mineralogist, 106, 994–1008, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7473.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Zong, K.Q., Gao, C.G., Gao, S., Xu, J., and Chen, H.H. (2010) Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55, 1535–1546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3052-4.Search in Google Scholar
Long, Z.Y., Yu, X.Y., and Zheng, Y.Y. (2021) Ore formation of the Dayakou emerald deposit (Southwest China) constrained by chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline. Ore Geology Reviews, 135, 104208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104208.Search in Google Scholar
Maner, J.L. IV and London, D. (2017) The boron isotopic evolution of the Little Three pegmatites, Ramona, CA. Chemical Geology, 460, 70–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.04.016.Search in Google Scholar
Meyer, C., Wunder, B., Meixner, A., Romer, R.L., and Heinrich, W. (2008) Boron-isotope fractionation between tourmaline and fluid: An experimental re-investigation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 156, 259–267, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0285-1.Search in Google Scholar
Michaud, J.A.-S. and Pichavant, M. (2020) Magmatic fractionation and the magmatic-hydrothermal transition in rare metal granites: Evidence from Argemela (Central Portugal). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 289, 130–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.022.Search in Google Scholar
Migdisov, A.A. and Williams-Jones, A.E. (2014) Hydrothermal transport and deposition of the rare earth elements by fluorine-bearing aqueous liquids. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 987–997, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0554-z.Search in Google Scholar
Mohamed, M.A.M. (2013) Immiscibilty between silicate magma and aqueous fluids in Egyptian rare-metal granites: Melt and fluid inclusions study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 6, 4021–4033, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0664-9.Search in Google Scholar
Nechaev, V.P., Dai, S., Zhao, L., Moore, T.A., and Nechaeva, E.V. (2021) The Tarim Basin, China, a prospect for plume-related Zr(Hf)-Nb(Ta)-REY-Ga-U mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 133, 104081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104081.Search in Google Scholar
Palmer, M.R. and Swihart, G.H. (1996) Boron isotope geochemistry: an overview. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron, 33, 709–744. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar
Penniston-Dorland, S.C., Bebout, G.E., Pogge von Strandmann, P.A.E., Elliott, T., and Sorensen, S.S. (2012) Lithium and its isotopes as tracers of subduction zone fluids and metasomatic processes: Evidence from the Catalina Schist, California, U.S.A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 77, 530–545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.038.Search in Google Scholar
Qiu, K.F., Yu, H.C., Hetherington, C., Huang, Y.Q., Yang, T., and Deng, J. (2021) Tourmaline composition and boron isotope signature as a tracer of magmatichydrothermal processes. American Mineralogist, 106, 1033–1044, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7495.Search in Google Scholar
Rozendaal, A. and Bruwer, L. (1995) Tourmaline nodules: Indicators of hydrothermal alteration and Sn-Zn-(W) mineralization in the Cape Granite Suite, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21, 141–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00088-B.Search in Google Scholar
Ruberti, E., Enrich, G.E., Gomes, C.B., and Comin-Chiaramonti, P. (2008) Hydrothermal REE fluorocarbonate mineralization at Barra do Itapirapua, a multiple stockwork carbonatite, Southern Brazil. Canadian Mineralogist, 46, 901–914, https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.4.901.Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, B.C., Zotov, N., and Dupree, R. (2004) Structural implications of water and boron dissolution in albite glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 337, 207–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.04.007.Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, B.C., Thomas, R., and Heinrich, W. (2005) Boron speciation in aqueous fluids at 22 to 600 °C and 0.1 MPa to 2 GPa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 275–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.018.Search in Google Scholar
Sheard, E.R., Williams-Jones, A.E., Heiligmann, M., Pederson, C., and Trueman, D.L. (2012) Controls on the concentration of zirconium, niobium, and the rare earth elements in the Thor Lake rare metal deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 107, 81–104, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.1.81.Search in Google Scholar
Shi, P.C. (2010) Alkali-rich intrusive rocks and their metallogenic characteristics in Zambile area, Tianshan Mountain, southwest Xinjiang. Xinjiang Nonferrous Metals, 33, 1–5.Search in Google Scholar
Shuai, L., Liu, Z.Q., Tang, H., Yu, Z.C., and Jia, T. (2019) Report of 1:50,000 Mineral Geological Survey Results in Huoshibulake Area, Atushi City, Xinjiang (in Chinese), 290 p. Non-ferrous minerals Geological Survey Center, China.Search in Google Scholar
Slack, J.F. (1996) Tourmaline associations with hydrothermal ore deposits. In E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz, Eds., Boron, 559–644. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar
Slack, J.F. and Trumbull, R.B. (2011) Tourmaline as a recorder of ore-forming processes. Elements, 7, 321–326, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.5.321.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M.P. and Henderson, P. (2000) Preliminary fluid inclusion constraints on fluid evolution in the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 95, 1371–1388, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.7.1371.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M.P. and Yardley, B.W.D. (1996) The boron isotopic composition of tourmaline as a guide to fluid processes in the southwestern England orefield: An ion microprobe study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1415–1427, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00007-5.Search in Google Scholar
Sokół, K., Finch, A.A., Hutchison, W., Cloutier, J., Borst, A.M., and Humphreys, M.C.S. (2022) Quantifying metasomatic high-field-strength and rare-earth element transport from alkaline magmas. Geology, 50, 305–310, https://doi.org/10.1130/G49471.1.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, R. and Davidson, P. (2016) Revisiting complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids, and the extreme enrichment of some elements in the supercritical state—Consequences for the formation of pegmatites and ore deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 1088–1101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.10.004.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, R., Förster, H.J., and Heinrich, W. (2003) The behaviour of boron in a peraluminous granite-pegmatite system and associated hydrothermal solutions: A melt and fluid-inclusion study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 457–472, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0410-5.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, R., Förster, H-J., Rickers, K., and Webster, J.D. (2005) Formation of extremely F-rich hydrous melt fractions and hydrothermal fluids during differentiation of highly evolved tin-granite magmas: A melts/fluids-inclusion study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148, 582–601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0624-9.Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, R., Davidson, P., and Beurlen, H. (2012) The competing models for the origin and internal evolution of granitic pegmatites in the light of melt and fluid inclusion research. Mineralogy and Petrology, 106, 55–73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-012-0212-z.Search in Google Scholar
Timofeev, A., Migdisov, A.A., and Williams-Jones, A.E. (2015) An experimental study of the solubility and speciation of niobium in fluoride-bearing aqueous solutions at elevated temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 158, 103–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.015.Search in Google Scholar
Tonarini, S., Pennisi, M., Adorni-Braccesi, A., Dini, A., Ferrara, G., Gonfiantini, R., Wiedenbeck, M., and Gröning, M. (2003a) Intercomparison of boron isotope and concentration measurements. Part I: Selection, preparation and homogeneity tests of the intercomparison materials. Geostandards Newsletter, 27, 21–39, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2003.tb00710.x.Search in Google Scholar
Tonarini, S., Forte, C., Petrini, R., and Ferrara, G. (2003b) Melt/biotite 11B/10B isotopic fractionation and the boron local environment in the structure of volcanic glasses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 1863–1873, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00987-0.Search in Google Scholar
Trumbull, R.B. and Chaussidon, M. (1999) Chemical and boron isotopic composition of magmatic and hydrothermal tourmalines from the Sinceni granite–pegmatite system in Swaziland. Chemical Geology, 153, 125–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00155-7.Search in Google Scholar
Trumbull, R.B., and Slack, J.F. (2018) Boron isotopes in the continental crust: Granites, pegmatites, felsic volcanic rocks, and related ore deposits. In H. Marschall and G. Foster, Eds., Advances in Geochemistry: Boron Isotopes: The Fifth Element, 7, p. 249–272, Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Trumbull, R.B., Krienitz, M.S., Gottesmann, B., and Wiedenbeck, M. (2007) Chemical and boron-isotope variations in tourmalines from an S-type granite and its source rocks: The Erongo granite and tourmalinites in the Damara Belt, Namibia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 155, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0227-3.Search in Google Scholar
Trumbull, R.B., Codeço, M.S., Jiang, S.Y., Palmer, M.R., and Slack, J.F. (2020) Boron isotope variations in tourmaline from hydrothermal ore deposits: A review of controlling factors and insights for mineralizing systems. Ore Geology Reviews, 125, 103682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103682.Search in Google Scholar
van Hinsberg, V.J., Henry, D.J., and Dutrow, B.L. (2011) Tourmaline as a petrologic forensic mineral: A unique recorder of its geologic past. Elements, 7, 327–332, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.5.327.Search in Google Scholar
Vasyukova, O. and Williams-Jones, A.E. (2014) Fluoride–silicate melt immiscibility and its role in REE ore formation: Evidence from the Strange Lake rare metal deposit, Québec-Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 139, 110–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.031.Search in Google Scholar
Veksler, I.V., Thomas, R., and Schmidt, C. (2002) Experimental evidence of three coexisting immiscible fluids in synthetic granitic pegmatite. American Mineralogist, 87, 775–779, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-5-621.Search in Google Scholar
Wei, X., Xu, Y.G., He, B., Zhang, L., Xia, X.P., and Shi, X.F. (2019) Zircon U-Pb age and Hf-O isotope insights into genesis of Permian Tarim felsic rocks, NW China: Implications for crustal melting in response to a mantle plume. Gondwana Research, 76, 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.06.015.Search in Google Scholar
Williams-Jones, A.E. and Vasyukova, O.V. (2023) Niobium, critical metal, and progeny of the mantle. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 118, 837–855, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4994.Search in Google Scholar
Williams-Jones, A.E., Samson, I.M., and Olivo, G.R. (2000) The genesis of hydrothermal fluorite-REE deposits in the Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 95, 327–341, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.2.327.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, H.H., Huang, H., Zhang, Z.C., Pan, B.B., Li, H.Z., Gao, Y.B., Gardiner, J.N., and Finch, A.A. (2024) Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and rare metal enrichment of the Huoshibulake B-rich rare metal granite in the Southern Tianshan: insights from texture, geochemistry, and Hf-O isotopes of zircon. Lithos, 482-483,107705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2024.107705.Search in Google Scholar
Xie, M.C., Xiao, W.J., Su, B.X., Sakyi, P.A., Ao, S.J., Zhang, J.E., Song, D.F., Zhang, Z.Y., Li, Z.Y., and Han, C.M. (2022) REE mineralization related to carbonatites and alkaline magmatism in the northern Tarim basin, NW China: Implications for a possible Permian large igneous province. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 111, 2759–2776, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02138-1.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, S.Y., Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, K.D., Dai, B.Z., and Yang, T. (2015) Tourmaline as a recorder of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution: An in situ major and trace element analysis of tourmaline from the Qitianling batholith, South China. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 170, 42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1195-7.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, W.B., Niu, H.C., Li, N.B., Hollings, P., Zurevinski, S., and Xing, C.M. (2020) Enrichment of REE and HFSE during the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the Baerzhe alkaline granite, NE China: Implications for rare metal mineralization. Lithos, 358–359, 105411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105411.Search in Google Scholar
Zaraisky, G.P., Aksyuk, A.M., Devyatova, V.N., Udoratina, O.V., and Chevychelov, V.Y. (2009) The Zr/Hf ratio as a fractionation indicator of rare-metal granites. Petrology, 17, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591109010020.Search in Google Scholar
Zaraisky, G.P., Korzhinskaya, V., and Kotova, N. (2010) Experimental studies of Ta2O5 and columbite-tantalite solubility in fluoride solutions from 300 to 550 °C and 50 to 100 MPa. Mineralogy and Petrology, 99, 287–300, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-010-0112-z.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, R.X. and Yang, S.Y. (2016) A mathematical model for determining carbon coating thickness and its application in electron probe microanalysis. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 22, 1374–1380, https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761601182X.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, C.L. and Zou, H.B. (2013) Permian A-type granites in Tarim and western part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB): Genetically related to a common Permian mantle plume? Lithos, 172–173, 47–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.04.001.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, C.L., Xu, Y.G., Li, Z.X., Wang, H.Y., and Ye, H.M. (2010) Diverse Permian magmatism in the Tarim Block, NW China genetically linked to the Permian Tarim mantle plume. Lithos, 119, 537–552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.007.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, H.D., Zhao, K.D., Palmer, M.R., and Jiang, S.Y. (2019) In-situ elemental and boron isotopic variations of tourmaline from the Sanfang granite, South China: Insights into magmatic-hydrothermal evolution. Chemical Geology, 504, 190–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.11.013.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, H.D., Zhao, K.D., Palmer, M.R., Jiang, S.Y., and Chen, W. (2021a) Magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes at the Yidong Tin Deposit, South China: Insights from in situ chemical and boron isotope changes of tourmaline. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 116, 1625–1647, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4868.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Yang, X.Y., Liu, Q.Y., Lu, Y.Y., Chen, S.S., Sun, C., Zhang, Z.Z., Wang, H., and Li, S. (2021b) In-situ boron isotopic and geochemical compositions of tourmaline from the Shangbao Nb-Ta bearing monzogranite, Nanling Range: Implication for magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of Nb and Ta. Lithos, 386–387, 106010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106010.Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Yang, X.Y., Lu, Y.Y., Zhang, Z.Z., Chen, S.S., Sun, C., Hou, Q., Wang, Y., and Li, S. (2022) Geochemistry and boron isotope compositions of tourmalines from the granite-greisen-quartz vein system in Dayishan pluton, Southern China: Implications for potential mineralization. American Mineralogist, 107, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7591.Search in Google Scholar
Zheng, B.Q., Chen, B., Sun, K.K., and Huang, C. (2022) Tourmaline as a recorder of the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the formation of pegmatite: In-situ elemental and boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline from the Qinghe pegmatite, Chinese Altay orogen. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 231, 105224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105224.Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, Z.Y., Wang, R.C., Che, X.D., Zhu, J.C., Wei, X.L., and Huang, X.E. (2015) Magmatic-hydrothermal rare-element mineralization in the Songshugang granite (northeastern Jiangxi, China): Insights from an electron-microprobe study of Nb-Ta-Zr minerals. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 749–760, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.021.Search in Google Scholar
Zong, Z.J., Du, Y.S., Li, S.T., Cao, Y., Du, J.G., Deng, X.H., and Xue, L.W. (2020) Petrogenesis of the early Permian A-type granites in the Halajun region, southwest Tianshan, western Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for geodynamics of Tarim large igneous province. International Geology Review, 63, 1110–1131, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1749898.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America
Articles in the same Issue
- Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
- Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
- Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
- Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
- Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
- Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
- A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
- Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
- Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
- Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
- Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
- Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
- Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
- New Mineral Names
Articles in the same Issue
- Fingerprinting the source and complex history of ore fluids of a giant lode gold deposit using quartz textures and in-situ oxygen isotopes
- Cu isotope fractionation between Cu-bearing phases and hydrothermal fluids: Insights from ex situ and in situ experiments
- Barium mobility in a geothermal environment, Yellowstone National Park
- Single-crystal elasticity of humite-group minerals by Brillouin scattering
- Sulfur speciation in dacitic melts using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of the S K-edge (S-XANES): Consideration of radiation-induced changes and the implications for sulfur in natural arc systems
- Ab initio calculations and crystal structure simulations for mixed layer compounds from the tetradymite series
- A fast open data reduction workflow for the electron microprobe flank method to determine Fe3+/ΣFe contents in minerals
- Machine learning applied to apatite compositions for determining mineralization potential
- Reconstructing volatile exsolution in a porphyry ore-forming magma chamber: Perspectives from apatite inclusions
- Incommensurate to normal phase transition in malayaite
- Raman spectroscopic measurements on San Carlos olivine up to 14 GPa and 800 K: Implications for thermodynamic properties
- Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton: Proxies for ore fluids evolution and mineral exploration
- Tourmaline chemical and boron isotopic constraints on the magmatic-hydrothermal transition and rare-metal mineralization in alkali granitic systems
- New Mineral Names
