Hydrothermal alteration of Ni-rich sulfides in peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Relationships among minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system, fO2 and fS2
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Ali H. Abdel-Halim
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert of Egypt, consist mainly of highly depleted harzburgites that have experienced multiple stages of serpentinization (lizarditization and antigoritization) and carbonation/listvenitization in a forearc environment. The Abu Dahr forearc harzburgites are more oxidized than oceanic mantle, with the oxygen fugacity (fO2) values ranging from FMQ+0.41 to FMQ+1.20 (average = +0.60 FMQ), and were equilibrated at temperatures of 910–1217 °C and pressures of 4.1–7.8 kbar. This study has documented for the first time the presence of various Ni-rich Ni-Fe (-Co) sulfide and metal phases along with Fe-oxides/oxyhydroxides in serpentinized-carbonated peridotites of the Abu Dahr forearc. Here I concentrate on the relationship between redox state and Fe-Ni-Co-O-S minerals with emphasis on the role of hydrothermal processes in upgrading magmatic sulfide tenors, desulfurization (sulfur-loss) of magmatic pentlandite and hydrothermal upgrading of the sulfide phases in Abu Dahr forearc environment. The minerals involved are high-Ni pentlandite (Fe4Ni5S8), cobaltian pentlandite (Fe3.47Ni4.78Co0.75S8), heazlewoodite (Fe0.07Ni2.93S2), godlevskite (Fe0.26Ni8.73Co0.01S8), millerite (Fe0.01Ni0.98Cu0.01S), awaruite (Ni75Fe21) and native Ni (Ni93Fe5), and nickeliferous magnetite and goethite. Chalcopyrite is a rare mineral; other Cu-phases, Fe-sulfides and Ni-arsenides/phosphides are not present. Texturally, Ni-sulfide and alloy minerals occur as interstitial disseminated blebs of either solitary phases or composite intergrowths with characteristic replacement textures, documenting strong variations in oxygen and sulfur fugacities (fO2-fS2). Sulfide assemblages are divided into three main facies: (1) pentlandite-rich; (2) godlevskite-rich; and (3) millerite-rich. Textural relationships imply the following sequence: (a) primary pentlandite → cobaltian pentlandite, with partial replacement of the latter by awaruite and/or heazlewoodite along with magnetite; (b) heazlewoodite is replaced by godlevskite, which in turns is replaced by millerite; (c) Ni-rich awaruite breaks down to millerite; and finally, (d) magnetite is completely replaced by goethite. The sulfide mineralogy reflects the magmatic and post-magmatic evolution of the complex. The primary magmatic processes gave rise to pentlandite, whereas the secondary Ni-sulfides together with the metallic alloys formed in response to changing fO2 and fS2 conditions associated with post-magmatic serpentinization and carbonation. Serpentinization-related Ni-Fe-Co remobilization from magmatic olivines resulted in; (1) upgrading the Ni-Co tenors of pre-existing primary pentlandite, and desulfidation to form low-sulfur sulfides (mainly heazlewoodite) and awaruite under extremely low fO2 and fS2 conditions; (2) in situ precipitation of secondary Ni-sulfides in the presence of extra sulfur as aqueous H2S derived from the desulfurization of magmatic pentlandite or native Ni when fS2 approaches 0; (3) transformation from low-sulfur pentlandite- and godlevskite-rich assemblages to the high-sulfur millerite-rich assemblages related to later carbonation with increasing fO2; and (4) partial dehydration of antigorite serpentinites under high-pressure conditions (>1 GPa) generated Ni-rich awaruite in equilibrium with the prograde assemblage antigorite-metamorphic olivine at higher fO2 and fS2 within subduction channel. The mineralogical, chemical, and thermal similarities with other serpentinite-related Ni-sulfides worldwide suggest that Ni minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system record changing fO2 and fS2 during progressive serpentinization and carbonation.
Acknowledgments and Funding
The insightful comments of Margaux Le Vaillant, B. Ronald Frost, and Mervat A. Elhaddad are highly appreciated. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Suzanne K. Birner and Xiaolu Niu for providing me with Excel spreadsheet programs for P-T and oxygen fugacity calculations. I thank Hongwu Xu, American Mineralogist Editor, and Kate Kiseeva, Associate Editor, for their help through research submission and their valuable comments and suggestions on my manuscript. The reviewers Katy A. Evans and Michael Zelenski are thanked for constructive reviews and their insightful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. This research was supported, in part, by the project “The Economic Assessment of Platinum in the Eastern Desert of Egypt,” Assiut University, Egypt.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of a fumarole at Hverir, Iceland: Analog for acid-sulfate leaching on Mars
- The crystal structure and chemistry of natural giniite and implications for Mars
- Solid solution of CaSiO3 and MgSiO3 perovskites in the lower mantle: The role of ferrous iron
- Secondary ion mass spectrometer analyses for trace elements in glass standards using variably charged silicon ions for normalization
- Raman shifts of c-BN as an ideal P-T sensor for studying water-rock interactions in a diamond-anvil cell
- Resetting of the U-Pb and Th-Pb systems in altered bastnäsite: Insight from the behavior of Pb at nanoscale
- X-ray diffraction reveals two structural transitions in szomolnokite
- Contamination of heterogeneous lower crust in Hannuoba tholeiite: Evidence from in situ trace elements and strontium isotopes of plagioclase
- Oxygen fugacity buffering in high-pressure solid media assemblies from IW-6.5 to IW+4.5 and application to the V K-edge oxybarometer
- Trace element partitioning between anhydrite, sulfate melt, and silicate melt
- Chemical reaction between ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O and water under high pressure-temperature conditions of the deep lower mantle
- Composition-dependent thermal equation of state of B2 Fe-Si alloys at high pressure
- Effects of thermal annealing on water content and δ18O in zircon
- Tourmaline and zircon trace the nature and timing of magmatic-hydrothermal episodes in granite-related Sn mineralization: Insights from the Libata Sn ore field
- Cation ordering, twinning, and pseudo-symmetry in silicate garnet: The study of a birefringent garnet with orthorhombic structure
- The occurrence of monoclinic jarosite in natural environments
- Niobium speciation in minerals revealed by L2,3-edges XANES spectroscopy
- The first occurrence of the carbide anion, C4–, in an oxide mineral: Mikecoxite, ideally (CHg4)OCl2, from the McDermitt open-pit mine, Humboldt County, Nevada, U.S.A
- Hydrothermal alteration of Ni-rich sulfides in peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Relationships among minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system, fO2 and fS2
- New Mineral Names: Arsenic and Lead
Articles in the same Issue
- Mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of a fumarole at Hverir, Iceland: Analog for acid-sulfate leaching on Mars
- The crystal structure and chemistry of natural giniite and implications for Mars
- Solid solution of CaSiO3 and MgSiO3 perovskites in the lower mantle: The role of ferrous iron
- Secondary ion mass spectrometer analyses for trace elements in glass standards using variably charged silicon ions for normalization
- Raman shifts of c-BN as an ideal P-T sensor for studying water-rock interactions in a diamond-anvil cell
- Resetting of the U-Pb and Th-Pb systems in altered bastnäsite: Insight from the behavior of Pb at nanoscale
- X-ray diffraction reveals two structural transitions in szomolnokite
- Contamination of heterogeneous lower crust in Hannuoba tholeiite: Evidence from in situ trace elements and strontium isotopes of plagioclase
- Oxygen fugacity buffering in high-pressure solid media assemblies from IW-6.5 to IW+4.5 and application to the V K-edge oxybarometer
- Trace element partitioning between anhydrite, sulfate melt, and silicate melt
- Chemical reaction between ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O and water under high pressure-temperature conditions of the deep lower mantle
- Composition-dependent thermal equation of state of B2 Fe-Si alloys at high pressure
- Effects of thermal annealing on water content and δ18O in zircon
- Tourmaline and zircon trace the nature and timing of magmatic-hydrothermal episodes in granite-related Sn mineralization: Insights from the Libata Sn ore field
- Cation ordering, twinning, and pseudo-symmetry in silicate garnet: The study of a birefringent garnet with orthorhombic structure
- The occurrence of monoclinic jarosite in natural environments
- Niobium speciation in minerals revealed by L2,3-edges XANES spectroscopy
- The first occurrence of the carbide anion, C4–, in an oxide mineral: Mikecoxite, ideally (CHg4)OCl2, from the McDermitt open-pit mine, Humboldt County, Nevada, U.S.A
- Hydrothermal alteration of Ni-rich sulfides in peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Relationships among minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system, fO2 and fS2
- New Mineral Names: Arsenic and Lead