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Native gold enrichment process during growth of chalcopyrite-lined conduits within a modern hydrothermal chimney (Manus Basin, PNG)

  • Si-Yu Hu ORCID logo , Stephen J. Barnes ORCID logo , Anais Pagès , Michael Verrall , Joanna Parr , Zakaria Quadir , Louise Schoneveld and Ray Binns
Published/Copyright: July 27, 2022
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 107 Issue 8

Abstract

Seafloor hydrothermal chimneys from back-arc basins are important hosts for metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, and Au. Although the general growth history of chimneys has been well documented, recent studies have revealed that the fine-scale mineralogy can be highly complex and reflects variable physicochemical conditions of formation. This study utilized a novel combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based electron backscattered difraction (EBSD) and synchrotron X‑ray fluorescence microscopy (SXFM) to uncover the detailed growth processes of multiple chalcopyrite-lined conduits within a modern chalcopyrite-sphalerite chimney from Manus Basin and to assess the controls on native gold precipitation. On the basis of previous studies, the chimney conduit was thought to develop from an initial sulfate-dominated wall, which was subsequently dissolved and replaced by sphalerite and chalcopyrite during gradual mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater. During this process, sphalerite was epitaxially overgrown by chalcopyrite. Accretionary growth of chalcopyrite onto this early formed substrate thickened the chimney walls by bi-directional growth inward and outward from the original tube wall, also enclosing the outgrown pyrite cluster. A group of similar conduits with slightly diferent mineral assemblages continued to form in the vicinity of the main conduit during the further fluid mixing process. Four types of distinct native gold-sulfide/ sulfosalt associations were developed during the varying mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater. Previously unobserved chains of gold nanoparticles occur at the boundary of early sphalerite and chalcopyrite, distinct from gold observed in massive sphalerite as identified in other studies. These observations provide baseline data in a well-preserved modern system for studies of enrichment mechanisms of native gold in hydrothermal chimneys. Furthermore, native gold is relatively rarely observed in chalcopyrite-lined conduit walls. Our observations imply that: (1) native gold is closely associated with various sulfides/sulfosalts in chalcopyrite-lined conduit walls rather than limited to the association with tennantite, Bi-rich minerals, and bornite as reported previously; and (2) the broad spectrum of gold occurrence in chalcopyrite-line conduits is likely to be determined by the various mixing process between hot hydrothermal fluids with surrounding fluids or seawater. Quantitative modeling of fluid mixing processes is recommended in the future to probe the precise gold deposition stages to eficiently locate gold in modern hydrothermal chimneys.

Keywords: Seafloor hydrothermal chimneys; gold; sulfides; fluid mixing; EBSD; synchrotron XFM

Funding statement: The authors acknowledge the support for SXFM work, which was undertaken on the X‑ray fluorescence microscopy beamline at the Australian Synchrotron (Proposal 12589), part of Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO). Chris Ryan and David Paterson are acknowledged for the assistance during data collection. S.H. and S.B. acknowledge the research-plus postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organization (CSIRO).

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Editor Matthew Steele-MacInnis for handling the manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments, which helped to improve the manuscript greatly. Mark Pearce, Weihua Liu, and Jessica Stromberg are thanked for insightful comments before manuscript submission.

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Received: 2020-10-22
Accepted: 2021-07-29
Published Online: 2022-07-27
Published in Print: 2022-08-26

© 2022 Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Estimating kaolinite crystallinity using near-infrared spectroscopy: Implications for its geology on Earth and Mars
  2. The interplay between twinning and cation inversion in MgAl2O4-spinel: Implications for a nebular thermochronometer
  3. The effect of fluorine on reaction-rim growth dynamics in the ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 system
  4. Seeing through metamorphic overprints in Archean granulites: Combined high-resolution thermometry and phase equilibrium modeling of the Lewisian Complex, Scotland
  5. Interphase misorientation as a tool to study metamorphic reactions and crystallization in geological materials
  6. Trace element partitioning between olivine and melt in lunar basalts
  7. Solving the iron quantification problem in low-kV EPMA: An essential step toward improved analytical spatial resolution in electron probe microanalysis—Fe-sulfides
  8. Zircon geochronological and geochemical insights into pluton building and volcanic-hypabyssal-plutonic connections: Oki-Dōzen, Sea of Japan—A complex intraplate alkaline volcano
  9. Using cathodoluminescence to identify oscillatory zoning of perthitic K‑feldspar from the equigranular Toki granite
  10. Influence of intensive parameters and assemblies on friction evolution during piston-cylinder experiments
  11. Formation process of Al-rich calcium amphibole in quartz-bearing eclogites from The Sulu Belt, China
  12. Helvine-danalite mineralogy of the Dulong Sn-Zn polymetallic deposit in southeast Yunnan, China
  13. Native gold enrichment process during growth of chalcopyrite-lined conduits within a modern hydrothermal chimney (Manus Basin, PNG)
  14. Pliniusite, Ca5(VO4)3F, a new apatite-group mineral and the novel natural ternary solid-solution system pliniusite–svabite–fluorapatite
  15. Heamanite-(Ce), (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, a new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Gahcho Kué, Canada
  16. A revised analysis of ferrihydrite at liquid helium temperature using Mössbauer spectroscopy
  17. First find of merrillite, Ca3(PO4)2, in a terrestrial environment as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamond
  18. New Mineral Names: Hydrous Minerals
  19. Book Review
  20. Past to Present. (2020) Edited by Beth N. Orcutt, Isabelle Daniel, and Rajdeep Dasgupta.
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7866
Keywords for this article
Seafloor hydrothermal chimneys; gold; sulfides; fluid mixing; EBSD; synchrotron XFM

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Estimating kaolinite crystallinity using near-infrared spectroscopy: Implications for its geology on Earth and Mars
  2. The interplay between twinning and cation inversion in MgAl2O4-spinel: Implications for a nebular thermochronometer
  3. The effect of fluorine on reaction-rim growth dynamics in the ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 system
  4. Seeing through metamorphic overprints in Archean granulites: Combined high-resolution thermometry and phase equilibrium modeling of the Lewisian Complex, Scotland
  5. Interphase misorientation as a tool to study metamorphic reactions and crystallization in geological materials
  6. Trace element partitioning between olivine and melt in lunar basalts
  7. Solving the iron quantification problem in low-kV EPMA: An essential step toward improved analytical spatial resolution in electron probe microanalysis—Fe-sulfides
  8. Zircon geochronological and geochemical insights into pluton building and volcanic-hypabyssal-plutonic connections: Oki-Dōzen, Sea of Japan—A complex intraplate alkaline volcano
  9. Using cathodoluminescence to identify oscillatory zoning of perthitic K‑feldspar from the equigranular Toki granite
  10. Influence of intensive parameters and assemblies on friction evolution during piston-cylinder experiments
  11. Formation process of Al-rich calcium amphibole in quartz-bearing eclogites from The Sulu Belt, China
  12. Helvine-danalite mineralogy of the Dulong Sn-Zn polymetallic deposit in southeast Yunnan, China
  13. Native gold enrichment process during growth of chalcopyrite-lined conduits within a modern hydrothermal chimney (Manus Basin, PNG)
  14. Pliniusite, Ca5(VO4)3F, a new apatite-group mineral and the novel natural ternary solid-solution system pliniusite–svabite–fluorapatite
  15. Heamanite-(Ce), (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, a new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Gahcho Kué, Canada
  16. A revised analysis of ferrihydrite at liquid helium temperature using Mössbauer spectroscopy
  17. First find of merrillite, Ca3(PO4)2, in a terrestrial environment as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamond
  18. New Mineral Names: Hydrous Minerals
  19. Book Review
  20. Past to Present. (2020) Edited by Beth N. Orcutt, Isabelle Daniel, and Rajdeep Dasgupta.
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