Home Heamanite-(Ce), (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, a new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Gahcho Kué, Canada
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Heamanite-(Ce), (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, a new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Gahcho Kué, Canada

  • Chiara Anzolini ORCID logo , William K. Siva-Jothy , Andrew J. Locock , Fabrizio Nestola ORCID logo , Tonči Balić-Žunić , Matteo Alvaro ORCID logo , Ingrid L. Chinn , Thomas Stachel and D. Graham Pearson
Published/Copyright: July 27, 2022
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Heamanite-(Ce) (IMA 2020-001), ideally (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, is a new perovskite-group mineral found as an inclusion in a diamond from the Gahcho Kué mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It occurs as brown, translucent single crystals with an average maximum dimension of ~80 μm, associated with rutile and calcite. The luster is adamantine, and the fracture conchoidal. Heamanite-(Ce) is the K-analog of loparite-(Ce), ideally (NaCe)Ti2O6. The Mohs hardness is estimated to be 5½ by comparison to loparite-(Ce), and the calculated density is 4.73(1) g/cm3. Electron microprobe wavelength-dispersive spectrometric analysis (average of 34 points) yielded: CaO 10.70, K2O 7.38, Na2O 0.16, Ce2O3 13.77, La2O3 8.22, Pr2O3 0.84, Nd2O3 1.59, SrO 6.69, BaO 2.96, ThO2 0.36, PbO 0.15, TiO2 45.77, Cr2O3 0.32, Al2O3 0.10, Fe2O3 0.09, Nb2O5 0.87, UO3 0.01, total 99.98 wt%. The empirical formula, based on 3 O atoms, is: [(K0.268Na0.009)Σ0.277(Ce0.143La0.086Pr0.009Nd0.016)Σ0.254(Ca0.326Sr0.110Ba0.033Pb0.001)Σ0.470Th0.002]Σ1.003 (Ti0.979Nb0.011Cr0.007Al0.003Fe0.002)Σ1.002O3. The Goldschmidt tolerance factor for this formula is 1.003. Heamanite-(Ce) is cubic, space group Pm3m, with unit-cell parameter a = 3.9129(9) Å, and volume V = 59.91(4) Å3 (Z = 1). The crystal structure was solved using single-crystal X‑ray diffraction data and refined to R1(F) = 2.61%. Heamanite-(Ce) has the aristotypic perovskite structure and adopts the same structure as isolueshite and tausonite. The six strongest diffraction lines are [dobs in angstroms (I in percentages) (hkl)]: 2.764 (100) (110), 1.954 (41) (200), 1.596 (36) (211), 1.045 (16) (321), 1.236 (13) (310), and 1.382 (10) (220). The Raman spectrum of heamanite-(Ce) shows two broad bands at 560 and 787 cm−1, with no bands observed above 1000 cm−1. Heamanite-(Ce) is named after Larry Heaman, a renowned scientist in the field of radiometric dating applied to diamond-bearing kimberlites, mantle-derived eclogites, and lamprophyre dikes. The dominant REE should appear as a Levinson suffix, hence heamanite-(Ce).

Funding statement: This research was financially supported by a Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) grant to D.G.P., a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Discovery Grant to T. S., and by the Diamond Exploration and Research Training School (DERTS), all funded by NSERC. M.A. acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry for Research and University–Scientific Independence of Young Researchers (MIUR-SIR) MILE DEEp project (grant no. RBSI140351) and the ERC-StG 2016 TRUE DEPTHS (grant no. 714936).

Acknowledgments

C.A. thanks Marta Morana for assistance during the X‑ray data collection and Luca Peruzzo for help with the Vickers microhardness test. De Beers Group is thanked for donating the diamond specimen from its Gahcho Kué mine. We thank three anonymous reviewers for suggestions that led to the improvement of the manuscript, and Jennifer Kung for careful editorial handling.

References cited

Allègre, C.J., Poirier, J.-P., Humler, E., and Hofmann, A.W. (1995) The chemical composition of the Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 134, 515–526.10.1016/0012-821X(95)00123-TSearch in Google Scholar

Anzolini, C., Angel, R.J., Merlini, M., Derzsi, M., Tokár, K., Milani, S., Krebs, M.Y., Brenker, F.E., Nestola, F., and Harris, J.W. (2016) Depth of formation of CaSiO3- walstromite included in super-deep diamonds. Lithos, 265, 138–147.10.1016/j.lithos.2016.09.025Search in Google Scholar

Anzolini, C., Wang, F., Harris, G.A., Locock, A.J., Zhang, D., Nestola, F., Peruzzo, L., Jacobsen, S.D., and Pearson, D. G. (2019) Nixonite, Na2Ti6O13, a new mineral from a metasomatized mantle garnet pyroxenite from the western Rae Craton, Darby kimberlite field, Canada. American Mineralogist, 104, 1336–1344.10.2138/am-2019-7023Search in Google Scholar

Bailey, D.K. (1982) Mantle metasomatism—continuing chemical change within the Earth. Nature, 296, 525–530.10.1038/296525a0Search in Google Scholar

Bosi, F., Hatert, F., Hålenius, U., Pasero, M., Miyawaki, R., and Mills, S.J. (2019) On the application of the IMA−CNMNC dominant-valency rule to complex mineral compositions. Mineralogical Magazine, 83, 627–632.10.1180/mgm.2019.55Search in Google Scholar

Brenker, F.E., Stachel, T., and Harris, J.W. (2002) Exhumation of lower mantle inclusions in diamond: ATEM investigation of retrograde phase transitions, reactions and exsolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 1–9.10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00514-9Search in Google Scholar

Brenker, F.E., Nestola, F., Brenker, L., Peruzzo, L., and Harris, J.W. (2021) Origin, properties, and structure of breyite: The second most abundant mineral inclusion in super-deep diamonds. American Mineralogist, 106, 38–43.10.2138/am-2020-7513Search in Google Scholar

Chakhmouradian, A.R., and Mitchell, R.H. (2000) Occurrence, alteration patterns and compositional variation of perovskite in kimberlites. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 975–994.10.2113/gscanmin.38.4.975Search in Google Scholar

Deines, P., and Harris, J.W. (2004) New insights into the occurrence of 13C-depleted carbon in the mantle from two closely associated kimberlites: Letlhakane and Orapa, Botswana. Lithos, 77, 125–142.10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.015Search in Google Scholar

Deines, P., Harris, J.W., and Gurney, J.J. (1991) The carbon isotopic composition and nitrogen content of lithospheric and asthenospheric diamonds from the Jagersfontein and Koffiefontein kimberlite, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 2615–2625.10.1016/0016-7037(91)90377-HSearch in Google Scholar

Donovan, J.J., Kremser, D., Fournelle, J.H., and Goemann, K. (2015) Probe for EPMA: Acquisition, automation and analysis, version 11. Probe Software, Inc., Eugene, Oregon. http://www.probesoftware.com.Search in Google Scholar

Farrugia, L.J. (2012) WinGX, ver. 2018.3. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 45, 849–854.10.1107/S0021889812029111Search in Google Scholar

Giuliani, A., Kamenetsky, V.S., Phillips, D., Kendrick, M.A., Wyatt, B.A., and Goemann, K. (2012) Nature of alkali-carbonate fluids in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geology, 40, 967–970.10.1130/G33221.1Search in Google Scholar

Haggerty, S.E., Fung, A.T., and Burt, D.M. (1994) Apatite, phosphorus and titanium in eclogitic garnet from the upper mantle. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 1699–1702.10.1029/94GL01001Search in Google Scholar

Hamilton, M.A., Sobolev, N.V., Stern, R.A., and Pearson, D.G. (2003) SHRIMP U-Pb dating of a perovskite inclusion in diamond: evidence for a syneruption age for diamond formation, Sytykanskaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia region, Siberia. 8th International Kimberlite Conference: Extended Abstracts, vol. 8, 3245.Search in Google Scholar

Harris, G.A., Pearson, D.G., Liu, J., Hardman, M.F., Snyder, D.B., and Kelsch, D. (2018) Mantle composition, age and geotherm beneath the Darby kimberlite field, west central Rae Craton. Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 57–70.10.1007/s00710-018-0609-4Search in Google Scholar

Harte, B., and Hudson, N.F. (2013) Mineral associations in diamonds from the lowermost upper mantle and uppermost lower mantle. In D. G. Pearson, H. S. Grütter, J.W. Harris, B.A. Kjarsgaard, H. O’Brien, N.V. Chalapathi Rao, and S. Sparks, Eds., Proceedings of 10th International Kimberlite Conference, New Delhi, p. 235–253. Springer.10.1007/978-81-322-1170-9_15Search in Google Scholar

Harte, B., Harris, J.W., Hutchison, M.T., Watt, G.R., and Wilding, M.C. (1999) Lower mantle mineral associations in diamonds from São Luiz, Brazil. In Y. Fei, C.M. Bertka, and B.O. Mysen, Eds., Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High-Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd, p. 125–153. Geochemical Society Special Publication.Search in Google Scholar

Heaman, L.M. (1997) Global mafic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: Remnants of an ancient large igneous province? Geology, 25, 299–302.10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0299:GMMAGR>2.3.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Heaman, L.M., and Kjarsgaard, B.A. (2000) Timing of eastern North American kimberlite magmatism: continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 178, 253–268.10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00079-0Search in Google Scholar

Heaman, L.M., Kjarsgaard, B.A., and Creaser, R.A. (2003) The timing of kimberlite magmatism and implications for diamond exploration: a global perspective. Lithos, 71, 153–184.10.1016/j.lithos.2003.07.005Search in Google Scholar

Hetman, C.M., Smith, B.S., Paul, J.L., and Winter, F. (2004) Geology of the Gahcho Kué kimberlite pipes, NWT, Canada: Root to diatreme magmatic transition zones. Lithos, 76, 51–74.10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.051Search in Google Scholar

Hofmann, A.W. (1988) Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 297–314.10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-XSearch in Google Scholar

Holland, T.J.B., and Redfern, S.A.T. (1997) Unit cell refinement from powder diffraction data: the use of regression diagnostics. Mineralogical Magazine, 61, 65–77.10.1180/minmag.1997.061.404.07Search in Google Scholar

Iyer, P.N., and Smith, A.J. (1967) Double oxides containing niobium, tantalum, or protactinium. III. Systems involving the rare earths. Acta Crystallographica, 23, 740–746.10.1107/S0365110X67003639Search in Google Scholar

Kiseeva, E.S., Wood, B.J., Ghosh, S., and Stachel, T. (2016) The pyroxenite-diamond connection. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 2, 1–9.10.7185/geochemlet.1601Search in Google Scholar

Kopylova, M.G., Gurney, J.J., and Daniels, L.R.M. (1997a) Mineral inclusions in diamonds from the River Ranch kimberlite, Zimbabwe. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 129, 366–384.10.1007/s004100050343Search in Google Scholar

Kopylova, M.G., Rickard, R. S., Kleyenstueber, A., Taylor, W.R., Gurney, J.J., and Daniels, L.R.M. (1997b) First occurrence of strontian K-Cr-loparite and Cr-chevkinite in diamonds. Geologiya i Geofizika, 38, 382–397.Search in Google Scholar

Kopylova, M., Navon, O., Dubrovinsky, L., and Khachatryan, G. (2010) Carbonatitic mineralogy of natural diamond-forming fluids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 291, 126–137.10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.056Search in Google Scholar

Krivovichev, S.V., Chakhmouradian, A.R., Mitchell, R.H., Filatov, S.K., and Chukanov, N.V. (2000) Crystal structure of isolueshite and its synthetic compositional analogue. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 597–607.10.1127/ejm/12/3/0597Search in Google Scholar

Levinson, A. (1966) A system of nomenclature for rare-earth minerals. American Mineralogist, 51, 152–158.Search in Google Scholar

Locock, A.J., and Mitchell, R.H. (2018) Perovskite classification: An Excel spreadsheet to determine and depict end-member proportions for the perovskite- and vapnikite-subgroups of the perovskite supergroup. Computers & Geosciences, 113, 106–114.10.1016/j.cageo.2018.01.012Search in Google Scholar

Mandarino, J.A. (1976) The Gladstone-Dale relationship; Part I, Derivation of new constants. Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 498–502.Search in Google Scholar

McCammon, C. (2001) Deep diamond mysteries. Science, 293, 813–814.10.1126/science.1063295Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Meyer, N.A., Wenz, M.D., Walsh, J.P., Jacobsen, S.D., Locock, A.J., and Harris, J.W. (2019) Goldschmidtite, (K,REE,Sr)(Nb,Cr)O3: A new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Koffiefontein, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 104, 1345–1350.10.2138/am-2019-6937Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, R.H., Burns, P.C., and Chakhmouradian, A.R. (2000a) The crystal structures of loparite-(Ce). Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 145–152.10.2113/gscanmin.38.1.145Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, R.H., Chakhmouradian, A.R., and Woodward, P.M. (2000b) Crystal chemistry of perovskite-type compounds in the tausonite-loparite series, (Sr1−2xNaxLax)TiO3. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27, 583–589.10.1007/s002690000103Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, R.H., Burns, P.C., Knight, K.S., Howard, C.J., and Chakhmouradian, A.R. (2014) Observations on the crystal structures of lueshite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 41, 393–401.10.1007/s00269-014-0657-1Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, R.H., Welch, M.D., and Chakhmouradian, A.R. (2017) Nomenclature of the perovskite supergroup: A hierarchical system of classification based on crystal structure and composition. Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 411–461.10.1180/minmag.2016.080.156Search in Google Scholar

Momma, K., and Izumi, F. (2011) VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44, 1272–1276.10.1107/S0021889811038970Search in Google Scholar

Moore, R.O., and Gurney, J.J. (1985) Pyroxene solid solution in garnets included in diamond. Nature, 318, 553–555.10.1038/318553a0Search in Google Scholar

Nestola, F., Burnham, A.D., Peruzzo, L., Tauro, L., Alvaro, M., Walter, M.J., Gunter, M., Anzolini, C., and Kohn, S.C. (2016) Tetragonal Almandine-Pyrope Phase, TAPP: Finally a name for it, the new mineral jeffbenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1219–1232.10.1180/minmag.2016.080.059Search in Google Scholar

Nestola, F., Korolev, N., Kopylova, M., Rotiroti, N., Pearson, D.G., Pamato, M.G., Alvaro, M., Peruzzo, L., Gurney, J.J., Moore, A.E., and Davidson, J. (2018) CaSiO3 perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle. Nature, 555, 237–241.10.1038/nature25972Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Nielson, J.E., and Wilshire, H.G. (1993) Magma transport and metasomatism in the mantle: a critical review of current geochemical models. American Mineralogist, 78, 1117–1134.10.2138/am-1996-5-623Search in Google Scholar

Pearson, D.G., Brenker, F.E., Nestola, F., McNeill, J., Nasdala, L., Hutchison, M.T., Matveev, S., Mather, K., Silversmit, G., Schmitz, S., and others. (2014) Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature, 507, 221–224.10.1038/nature13080Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Petříček, V., Dušek, M., and Palatinus, L. (2014) Crystallographic computing system JANA2006: General features. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie—Crystalline Materials, 229, 345–352.10.1515/zkri-2014-1737Search in Google Scholar

Popova, E.A., Yakovenchuk, V.N., Lushnikov, S.G., and Krivovichev, S.V. (2015) Structural phase transitions in loparite-(Ce): Evidences from Raman light scattering. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 46, 161–166.10.1002/jrs.4587Search in Google Scholar

Popova, E.A., Lushnikov, S.G., Yakovenchuk, V.N., and Krivovichev, S.V. (2017) The crystal structure of loparite: a new acentric variety. Mineralogy and Petrology, 111, 827–832.10.1007/s00710-017-0498-ySearch in Google Scholar

Ryabchikov, I.D., Schreyer, W., and Abraham, K. (1982) Compositions of aqueous fluids in equilibrium with pyroxenes and olivines at mantle pressures and temperatures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 79, 80–84.10.1007/BF00376964Search in Google Scholar

Scott Smith, B.H., Danchin, R.V., Harris, J.W., and Stracke, K.J. (1984) Kimberlites near Orroroo, South Australia. In J. Kornprobst, Ed., Kimberlites I: Kimberlites and related rocks, p. 121–142, Amsterdam. Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-444-42273-6.50017-1Search in Google Scholar

Shannon, R.D. (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica, A32, 751–767.10.1107/S0567739476001551Search in Google Scholar

Sheldrick, G.M. (2015) Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallographica, C71, 3–8.Search in Google Scholar

Siva-Jothy, W. (2020) Studies of inclusions and their host diamonds from the Gahcho Kué Mine, 148 p. M.Sc. thesis, University of Alberta.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, E.M., Shirey, S.B., Nestola, F., Bullock, E.S., Wang, J., Richardson, S.H., and Wang, W. (2016) Large gem diamonds from metallic liquid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science, 354, 1403–1405.10.1126/science.aal1303Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Smith, E.M., Shirey, S.B., Richardson, S.H., Nestola, F., Bullock, E.S., Wang, J., and Wang, W. (2018) Blue boron-bearing diamonds from Earth’s lower mantle. Nature, 560, 84–87.10.1038/s41586-018-0334-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sobolev, N.V., Logvinova, A.M., and Efimova, E.S. (2009) Syngenetic phlogopite inclusions in kimberlite-hosted diamonds: implications for role of volatiles in diamond formation. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 1234–1248.10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.021Search in Google Scholar

Stachel, T., and Harris, J.W. (2008) The origin of cratonic diamonds–constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 5–32.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.05.002Search in Google Scholar

Stachel, T., and Harris, J.W. (2009) Formation of diamond in the Earth’s mantle. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 21, 364206.10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364206Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Brey, G.P., and Joswig, W. (2000) Kankan diamonds (Guinea) II: Lower mantle inclusion parageneses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 16–27.10.1007/s004100000174Search in Google Scholar

Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Hunt, L., Muehlenbachs, K., and Kobussen, A., and EIMF (2018) Argyle diamonds—how subduction along the Kimberley Craton edge generated the world’s biggest diamond deposit. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, 20, 145–167. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/SP.20.06.http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/SP.20.06Search in Google Scholar

Tschauner, O., Ma, C., Beckett, J.R., Prescher, C., Prakapenka, V.B., and Rossman, G.R. (2014) Discovery of bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth, in a shocked meteorite. Science, 346, 1100–1102.10.1126/science.1259369Search in Google Scholar

Tschauner, O., Huang, S., Greenberg, E., Prakapenka, V.B., Ma, C., Rossman, G.R., Shen, A.H., Zhang, D., Newville, M., Lanzirotti, A., and Tait, K. (2018) Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science, 359, 1136–1139.10.1126/science.aao3030Search in Google Scholar

Weiss, Y., McNeill, J., Pearson, D.G., Nowell, G.M., and Ottley, C.J. (2015) Highly saline fluids from a subducting slab as the source for fluid-rich diamonds. Nature, 524, 339–342.10.1038/nature14857Search in Google Scholar

Winterburn, P.A., Harte, B., and Gurney, J.J. (1990) Peridotite xenoliths from the Jagersfontein kimberlite pipe: I. Primary and primary-metasomatic mineralogy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 329–341.10.1016/0016-7037(90)90322-CSearch in Google Scholar

Zaitsev, A.N., Zhitova, E.S., Spratt, J., Zolotarev, A.A., and Krivovichev, S.V. (2017) Isolueshite, NaNbO3, from the Kovdor carbonatite, Kola peninsula, Russia: Composition, crystal structure and possible formation scenarios. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie—Abhandlungen, 194, 165–173.10.1127/njma/2017/0052Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-04-15
Accepted: 2021-07-29
Published Online: 2022-07-27
Published in Print: 2022-08-26

© 2022 Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Estimating kaolinite crystallinity using near-infrared spectroscopy: Implications for its geology on Earth and Mars
  2. The interplay between twinning and cation inversion in MgAl2O4-spinel: Implications for a nebular thermochronometer
  3. The effect of fluorine on reaction-rim growth dynamics in the ternary CaO-MgO-SiO2 system
  4. Seeing through metamorphic overprints in Archean granulites: Combined high-resolution thermometry and phase equilibrium modeling of the Lewisian Complex, Scotland
  5. Interphase misorientation as a tool to study metamorphic reactions and crystallization in geological materials
  6. Trace element partitioning between olivine and melt in lunar basalts
  7. Solving the iron quantification problem in low-kV EPMA: An essential step toward improved analytical spatial resolution in electron probe microanalysis—Fe-sulfides
  8. Zircon geochronological and geochemical insights into pluton building and volcanic-hypabyssal-plutonic connections: Oki-Dōzen, Sea of Japan—A complex intraplate alkaline volcano
  9. Using cathodoluminescence to identify oscillatory zoning of perthitic K‑feldspar from the equigranular Toki granite
  10. Influence of intensive parameters and assemblies on friction evolution during piston-cylinder experiments
  11. Formation process of Al-rich calcium amphibole in quartz-bearing eclogites from The Sulu Belt, China
  12. Helvine-danalite mineralogy of the Dulong Sn-Zn polymetallic deposit in southeast Yunnan, China
  13. Native gold enrichment process during growth of chalcopyrite-lined conduits within a modern hydrothermal chimney (Manus Basin, PNG)
  14. Pliniusite, Ca5(VO4)3F, a new apatite-group mineral and the novel natural ternary solid-solution system pliniusite–svabite–fluorapatite
  15. Heamanite-(Ce), (K0.5Ce0.5)TiO3, a new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Gahcho Kué, Canada
  16. A revised analysis of ferrihydrite at liquid helium temperature using Mössbauer spectroscopy
  17. First find of merrillite, Ca3(PO4)2, in a terrestrial environment as an inclusion in lower-mantle diamond
  18. New Mineral Names: Hydrous Minerals
  19. Book Review
  20. Past to Present. (2020) Edited by Beth N. Orcutt, Isabelle Daniel, and Rajdeep Dasgupta.
Downloaded on 26.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8098/html
Scroll to top button