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Jianshuiite in oceanic manganese nodules at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary

  • Jeffrey E. Post EMAIL logo , Ellen Thomas and Peter J. Heaney
Published/Copyright: February 18, 2016
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 101 Issue 2

Abstract

Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy examinations of man-ganese oxide concretions/nodules (∼0.3-1.0 mm diameter) from ODP Site 1262 on Walvis Ridge in the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean revealed that they consist primarily of the layered Mn oxide phase jianshuiite [(Mg,Mn,Ca)Mn34+O7⋅3H2O]. The nodules are from an interval with severe carbonate dis-solution that represents the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) thermal maximum (∼5 5.8 Ma). Most nodules from the middle of the carbonate dissolution interval contain internal open space, and consist almost entirely of euhedral plate-like jianshuiite crystals, 2–4 μm in diameter and ∼0.1–0.5 μm thick. Backscattered electron images and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed stacks of interleaved Al-rich and Al-poor jianshuiite crystals in some nodules. The crystals in other nodules contain predominantly Mg (with trace K and Al) in addition to Mn and O, making them near “end-member” jianshuiite. Rietveld refinements in space group R3̄ confirmed the isostructural relationship between jianshuiite and chalcophanite, with Mg occupying the interlayer position above and below the vacant sites in the Mn/O octahedral sheet, and coordinated to 3 octahedral layer O atoms (1.94 Å) and 3 interlayer water O atoms (2.13 Å). Final refined occupancy factors suggest that small quantities of Ni and possibly Mn2+ are located on the Mg site. The transient appearance of the Mg-rich birnessite-like phase jianshuiite, probably abiotically produced, must indicate an exceptional transient change in the chemistry of the pore fluids within deep ocean sediments directly following the P/E boundary, possibly as a result of decreasing oxygen levels and pH, followed by a return to pre-event conditions.

Keywords: Jianshuiite; birnessite; paleocene-eocene thermal maximum (PETM); X-ray diffraction

Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by NSF grants EAR07–45374 and EAR11–47728 to Heaney and Post, and NSF grant OCE 1232413 to Thomas. Thanks go to Peter Eng and Joanne Stubbs at APS beamline 13-BM-C for their assistance with the X-ray diffraction experiment, to Joop Varekamp at Wesleyan University for first noticing the crystalline Mn oxides using the electron microscope facilities at the University of Oregon (Eugene, Oregon), and to Isabella Raffi at the Universita degli Studi G_dAnnunzio, Chieti e Pescara (Italy) for identification of calcareous nannofossils. This research was carried out at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences and Division of Chemical Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. Samples were provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program.

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Received: 2015-3-6
Accepted: 2015-9-1
Published Online: 2016-2-18
Published in Print: 2016-2-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5347
Keywords for this article
Jianshuiite; birnessite; paleocene-eocene thermal maximum (PETM); X-ray diffraction

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  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. The deep continental crust has a larger Mg isotopic variation than previously thought
  3. Article
  4. Magnesium isotopic composition of the deep continental crust
  5. Review
  6. Cancrinite-group minerals: Crystal-chemical description and properties under non-ambient conditions—A review
  7. Amorphous Materials: Properties, Structure, and Durability
  8. Nepheline structural and chemical dependence on melt composition
  9. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  10. Some thermodynamic properties of larnite (β-Ca2SiO4) constrained by high T/P experiment and/or theoretical simulation
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  12. Growth dynamics of vaterite in relation to the physico-chemical properties of its precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate, in the Ca-CO3-PO4 system
  13. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  14. Mafic replenishments into floored silicic magma chambers
  15. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  16. Hafnium, oxygen, neodymium, strontium, and lead isotopic constraints on magmatic evolution of the supereruptive southern Black Mountains volcanic center, Arizona, U.S.A.: A combined LASS zircon–whole-rock study
  17. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  18. Deciphering magmatic processes in calc-alkaline plutons using trace element zoning in hornblende
  19. Special Collection: Geology and Geobiology of Lassen Volcanic National Park
  20. The Lassen hydrothermal system
  21. Article
  22. Maruyamaite, K(MgAl2)(Al5Mg)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O, a potassium-dominant tourmaline from the ultrahigh-pressure Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakhstan: Description and crystal structure
  23. Article
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