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In defense of magnetite-ilmenite thermometry in the Bishop Tuff and its implication for gradients in silicic magma reservoirs

  • Bernard W. Evans EMAIL logo , Wes Hildreth , Olivier Bachmann and Bruno Scaillet
Published/Copyright: February 18, 2016
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 101 Issue 2

Abstract

Despite claims to the contrary, the compositions of magnetite and ilmenite in the Bishop Tuff correctly record the changing conditions of T and fO2 in the magma reservoir. In relatively reduced (ΔΝΝΟ <1) siliceous magmas (e.g., Bishop Tuff, Taupo units), Ti behaves compatibly (DTi ≈ 2−3.5), leading to a decrease in TiO2 activity in the melt with cooling and fractionation. In contrast, FeTioxides are poorer in TiO2 in more oxidized magmas (ΔΝΝΟ > 1, e.g., Fish Canyon Tuff, Pinatubo), and the d(aTiO2)/dT slope can be negative. Biotite, FeTi-oxides, liquid, and possibly plagioclase largely maintained equilibrium in the Bishop Tuff magma (unlike the pyroxenes, and cores of quartz, sanidine, and zircon) prior to and during a mixing event triggered by a deeper recharge, which, based on elemental diffusion profiles in minerals, took place at least several decades before eruption. Equilibrating phases and pumice compositions show evolving chemical variations that correlate well with mutually consistent temperatures based on the FeTi-oxides, sanidine-plagioclase, and Δ18Ο quartz-magnetite pairs. Early Bishop Tuff (EBT) temperatures are lower (700 to ~780 °C) than temperatures (780 to >820 °C) registered in Late Bishop Tuff (LBT), the latter defined here not strictly stratigraphically, but by the presence of orthopyroxene and reverse-zoned rims on quartz and sanidine. The claimed similarity in compositions, Zr-saturation temperatures and thermodynamically calculated temperatures (730−740 °C) between EBT and less evolved LBT reflect the use of glass inclusions in quartz cores in LBT that were inherited from the low-temperature rhyolitic part of the reservoir characteristic of the EBT. LBT temperatures as high as 820 °C, the preservation of orthopyroxene, and the presence of reverse-zoned minerals (quartz, sanidine, zircons) are consistent with magma recharge at the base of the zoned reservoir, heating the cooler rhyolitic melt, partly remelting cumulate mush, and introducing enough CO2 (0.4−1.4 wt%, mostly contained in the exsolved fluid phase) to significantly lower H2O-activity in the system.

Keywords: Bishop Tuff; ilmenite-magnetite thermometry; TiO2 activity; reduced magmas; “bright rims”; melt inclusions; magma recharge; CO2 effect

Acknowledgments

We thank C.R. Bacon, J. Blundy, K.J. Chamberlain, G.A.R. Gualda, M. Loewen, J.B. Lowenstern, M. Pichavant, PJ. Wallace, and C.J.N. Wilson for critical comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We also acknowledged the efforts of editor K. Putirka to help shaping this manuscricpt for publication.

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  1. Manuscript handled by Keith Putirka.

Received: 2015-4-1
Accepted: 2015-9-23
Published Online: 2016-2-18
Published in Print: 2016-2-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Abstract

Despite claims to the contrary, the compositions of magnetite and ilmenite in the Bishop Tuff correctly record the changing conditions of T and fO2 in the magma reservoir. In relatively reduced (ΔΝΝΟ <1) siliceous magmas (e.g., Bishop Tuff, Taupo units), Ti behaves compatibly (DTi ≈ 2−3.5), leading to a decrease in TiO2 activity in the melt with cooling and fractionation. In contrast, FeTioxides are poorer in TiO2 in more oxidized magmas (ΔΝΝΟ > 1, e.g., Fish Canyon Tuff, Pinatubo), and the d(aTiO2)/dT slope can be negative. Biotite, FeTi-oxides, liquid, and possibly plagioclase largely maintained equilibrium in the Bishop Tuff magma (unlike the pyroxenes, and cores of quartz, sanidine, and zircon) prior to and during a mixing event triggered by a deeper recharge, which, based on elemental diffusion profiles in minerals, took place at least several decades before eruption. Equilibrating phases and pumice compositions show evolving chemical variations that correlate well with mutually consistent temperatures based on the FeTi-oxides, sanidine-plagioclase, and Δ18Ο quartz-magnetite pairs. Early Bishop Tuff (EBT) temperatures are lower (700 to ~780 °C) than temperatures (780 to >820 °C) registered in Late Bishop Tuff (LBT), the latter defined here not strictly stratigraphically, but by the presence of orthopyroxene and reverse-zoned rims on quartz and sanidine. The claimed similarity in compositions, Zr-saturation temperatures and thermodynamically calculated temperatures (730−740 °C) between EBT and less evolved LBT reflect the use of glass inclusions in quartz cores in LBT that were inherited from the low-temperature rhyolitic part of the reservoir characteristic of the EBT. LBT temperatures as high as 820 °C, the preservation of orthopyroxene, and the presence of reverse-zoned minerals (quartz, sanidine, zircons) are consistent with magma recharge at the base of the zoned reservoir, heating the cooler rhyolitic melt, partly remelting cumulate mush, and introducing enough CO2 (0.4−1.4 wt%, mostly contained in the exsolved fluid phase) to significantly lower H2O-activity in the system.

Keywords: Bishop Tuff; ilmenite-magnetite thermometry; TiO2 activity; reduced magmas; “bright rims”; melt inclusions; magma recharge; CO2 effect

Acknowledgments

We thank C.R. Bacon, J. Blundy, K.J. Chamberlain, G.A.R. Gualda, M. Loewen, J.B. Lowenstern, M. Pichavant, PJ. Wallace, and C.J.N. Wilson for critical comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We also acknowledged the efforts of editor K. Putirka to help shaping this manuscricpt for publication.

References cited

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  1. Manuscript handled by Keith Putirka.

Received: 2015-4-1
Accepted: 2015-9-23
Published Online: 2016-2-18
Published in Print: 2016-2-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. The deep continental crust has a larger Mg isotopic variation than previously thought
  3. Article
  4. Magnesium isotopic composition of the deep continental crust
  5. Review
  6. Cancrinite-group minerals: Crystal-chemical description and properties under non-ambient conditions—A review
  7. Amorphous Materials: Properties, Structure, and Durability
  8. Nepheline structural and chemical dependence on melt composition
  9. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  10. Some thermodynamic properties of larnite (β-Ca2SiO4) constrained by high T/P experiment and/or theoretical simulation
  11. Minerals in the Human Body
  12. Growth dynamics of vaterite in relation to the physico-chemical properties of its precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate, in the Ca-CO3-PO4 system
  13. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
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  16. Hafnium, oxygen, neodymium, strontium, and lead isotopic constraints on magmatic evolution of the supereruptive southern Black Mountains volcanic center, Arizona, U.S.A.: A combined LASS zircon–whole-rock study
  17. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
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  49. New Mineral Names
  50. New Mineral Names*,†
  51. Review
  52. American Mineralogist thanks the year 2015 reviewers

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. The deep continental crust has a larger Mg isotopic variation than previously thought
  3. Article
  4. Magnesium isotopic composition of the deep continental crust
  5. Review
  6. Cancrinite-group minerals: Crystal-chemical description and properties under non-ambient conditions—A review
  7. Amorphous Materials: Properties, Structure, and Durability
  8. Nepheline structural and chemical dependence on melt composition
  9. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  10. Some thermodynamic properties of larnite (β-Ca2SiO4) constrained by high T/P experiment and/or theoretical simulation
  11. Minerals in the Human Body
  12. Growth dynamics of vaterite in relation to the physico-chemical properties of its precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate, in the Ca-CO3-PO4 system
  13. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  14. Mafic replenishments into floored silicic magma chambers
  15. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  16. Hafnium, oxygen, neodymium, strontium, and lead isotopic constraints on magmatic evolution of the supereruptive southern Black Mountains volcanic center, Arizona, U.S.A.: A combined LASS zircon–whole-rock study
  17. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  18. Deciphering magmatic processes in calc-alkaline plutons using trace element zoning in hornblende
  19. Special Collection: Geology and Geobiology of Lassen Volcanic National Park
  20. The Lassen hydrothermal system
  21. Article
  22. Maruyamaite, K(MgAl2)(Al5Mg)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O, a potassium-dominant tourmaline from the ultrahigh-pressure Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakhstan: Description and crystal structure
  23. Article
  24. The valence quadrupole moment
  25. Article
  26. Crystal chemistry and light elements analysis of Ti-rich garnets
  27. Article
  28. XRD-TEM-AEM comparative study of n-alkylammonium smectites and interstratified minerals in shallow-diagenetic carbonate sediments of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin
  29. Article
  30. Mechanical properties of natural radiation-damaged titanite and temperature-induced structural reorganization: A nanoindentation and Raman spectroscopic study
  31. Article
  32. Jianshuiite in oceanic manganese nodules at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary
  33. Article
  34. The effect of phosphorus on manganocolumbite and mangaotantalite solubility in peralkaline to peraluminous granitic melts
  35. Article
  36. Interpretation of the infrared spectra of the lizardite-nepouite series in the near- and mid-infrared range
  37. Article
  38. In situ spectroscopic study of water intercalation into talc: New features of 10 Å phase formation
  39. Article
  40. Phase relations on the K2CO3-CaCO3-MgCO3 join at 6 GPa and 900–1400 °C: Implications for incipient melting in carbonated mantle domains
  41. Article
  42. Genesis of chromium-rich kyanite in eclogite-facies Cr-spinel-bearing gabbroic cumulates, Pohorje Massif, Eastern Alps
  43. Article
  44. Ferri-kaersutite, NaCa2(Mg3TiFe3+)(Si6Al2)O22O2, a new oxo-amphibole from Harrow Peaks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
  45. Article
  46. In defense of magnetite-ilmenite thermometry in the Bishop Tuff and its implication for gradients in silicic magma reservoirs
  47. Letter
  48. Incorporation of high amounts of Na in ringwoodite: Possible implications for transport of alkali into lower mantle
  49. New Mineral Names
  50. New Mineral Names*,†
  51. Review
  52. American Mineralogist thanks the year 2015 reviewers
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