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K-bentonites: A review

  • Warren D. Huff EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. Januar 2016
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 101 Heft 1

Abstract

Pyroclastic material in the form of altered volcanic ash or tephra has been reported and described from one or more stratigraphic units from the Proterozoic to the Tertiary. This altered tephra, variously called bentonite or K-bentonite or tonstein depending on the degree of alteration and chemical composition, is often linked to large explosive volcanic eruptions that have occurred repeatedly in the past. K-bentonite and bentonite layers are the key components of a larger group of altered tephras that are useful for stratigraphic correlation and for interpreting the geodynamic evolution of our planet. Bentonites generally form by diagenetic or hydrothermal alteration under the influence of fluids with high-Mg content and that leach alkali elements. Smectite composition is partly controlled by parent rock chemistry. Studies have shown that K-bentonites often display variations in layer charge and mixed-layer clay ratios and that these correlate with physical properties and diagenetic history. The following is a review of known K-bentonite and related occurrences of altered tephra throughout the timescale from Precambrian to Cenozoic.

Keywords: K-bentonite; bentonite; tephra; explosive volcanism; volcanic ash; Review article

Acknowledgments

In addition to the many colleagues, particularly Dennis Kolata and Stig Bergström, and students without whose collaborative work over the years this report would not be possible, I express my deep appreciation for the very thoughtful and constructive reviews provided by Alain Meunier and Chuck Ver Straeten, as well as to Rich April for his great attention to detail as Associate Editor in moving this manuscript through the publication process.

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  1. Manuscript handled by Richard April.

Received: 2015-3-1
Accepted: 2015-6-23
Published Online: 2016-1-9
Published in Print: 2016-1-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5339
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
K-bentonite; bentonite; tephra; explosive volcanism; volcanic ash; Review article

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. A spin on lower mantle mineralogy
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Safe long-term immobilization of heavy metals: Looking at natural rocks
  5. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  6. Spinel in planetary systems
  7. Review
  8. Pathways for nitrogen cycling in Earth's crust and upper mantle: A review and new results for microporous beryl and cordierite
  9. Invited Centennial Article
  10. Metamorphic chronology—a tool for all ages: Past achievements and future prospects
  11. Review
  12. K-bentonites: A review
  13. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  14. Ca-Al-silicate inclusions in natural moissanite (SiC)
  15. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  16. Immiscible melt droplets in garnet, as represented by ilmenite–magnetite–spinel spheroids in an eclogite-garnet peridotite association, Blanský les Granulite Massif, Czech Republic
  17. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  18. Tetrahedral boron in natural and synthetic HP/UHP tourmaline: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy, EMPA, and single-crystal XRD
  19. Article
  20. Radiation damage haloes in biotite investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
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  23. Article
  24. Preservation of organic matter in nontronite against iron redox cycling
  25. Article
  26. Influence of organic matter on smectite illitization: A comparison between red and dark mudstones from the Dongying Depression, China
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  29. Article
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  32. FTIR spectroscopy of D2O and HDO molecules in the c-axis channels of synthetic beryl
  33. Article
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  35. Article
  36. Excess mixing volume, microstrain, and stability of pyrope-grossular garnets
  37. Article
  38. Phase stabilities and spin transitions of Fe3(S1−xPx) at high pressure and its implications in meteorites
  39. Special Collection: Building Planets: The Dynamics and Geochemistry of Core Formation
  40. The W-WO2 oxygen fugacity buffer (WWO) at high pressure and temperature: Implications for fO2 buffering and metal-silicate partitioning
  41. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth
  42. Timescales of magma storage and migration recorded by olivine crystals in basalts of the March-April 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland
  43. Letter
  44. In-situ crystal structure determination of seifertite SiO2 at 129 GPa: Studying a minor phase near Earth's core–mantle boundary
  45. New Mineral Names
  46. New Mineral Names*,†
  47. Book Review
  48. A Pictorial Guide to Metamorphic Rocks in the Field
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Heruntergeladen am 1.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2016-5339/html?lang=de
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