L2 Acquisition of Spanish VOT by English-Speaking Immigrants in Spain
-
Timothy L. Face
und
Mandy R. Menke
Abstract
Previous studies of native English speakers learning Spanish as a second language (L2) document compromise voice onset time (VOT) values; however, the focus has been predominantly on voiceless stops and has almost exclusively investigated beginning and intermediate learners. This study fills a gap in the literature by considering the acquisition of VOT in both voiceless and voiced Spanish stops by long-time native English-speaking residents of Spain. Overall, the results show that the L2 speakers’ VOT values differ from those of native speakers across all stop consonants; yet L2 speakers’ productions of voiceless, as opposed to voiced, stops more closely approximate those of native speakers. Considerable individual variation is observed as no speaker achieves native-like performance overall, and no consonant is mastered by more than half of the speakers. Results are considered in light of what they contribute to our understanding of ultimate attainment of Spanish VOT, specifically, and L2 phonology more generally.
Appendix
Counts of analyzed tokens.
| NES Residents of Spain | NSS Control Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| position | lexical stress | position | lexical stress | |||||||
| utterance initial | word initial | word medial | tonic | atonic | utterance initial | word initial | word medial | tonic | atonic | |
| /p/ | 80 | 80 | 80 | 88 | 152 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 55 | 94 |
| /t/ | 70 | 80 | 78 | 111 | 117 | 45 | 50 | 50 | 70 | 75 |
| /k/ | 46 | 79 | 77 | 110 | 92 | 29 | 50 | 48 | 68 | 59 |
| /b/ | 70 | 38 | 32 | 44 | 24 | 20 | ||||
| /d/ | 78 | 22 | 56 | 50 | 15 | 35 | ||||
| /g/ | 79 | 16 | 63 | 50 | 10 | 40 | ||||
Summary of individual VOT productions by phoneme, outliers not excluded.
| Speaker | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | mean (ms)* | s.d.* | range* (ms) | |
| NES 0.1 | 24 | 10 | 6:47 | −4 | 24 | −60:13 | 27 | 10 | 14:49 | −17 | 15 | −39:8 | 31 | 10 | 7:48 | −6 | 29 | −72:17 |
| NES 0.2 | 14 | 6 | 9:35 | −16 | 37 | −102:9 | 21 | 6 | 12:38 | −28 | 26 | −68:19 | 27 | 17 | 0:60 | −1 | 27 | −53:35 |
| NES 0.3 | 24 | 10 | 5:49 | 4 | 15 | -32:20 | 31 | 14 | 11:69 | 18 | 2 | 15:22 | 38 | 13 | 19:68 | −4 | 44 | −89:23 |
| NES 0.4 | 10 | 8 | 0:37 | −19 | 27 | −54:18 | 18 | 7 | 8:33 | −8 | 31 | −66:18 | 27 | 11 | 0:50 | 7 | 21 | −43:30 |
| NES 0.5 | 22 | 15 | 0:54 | −16 | 38 | −69:49 | 32 | 10 | 15:57 | −16 | 43 | −64:69 | 35 | 16 | 0:59 | 6 | 78 | −195: 118 |
| NES 0.6 | 6 | 8 | 0:26 | −35 | 31 | −78:0 | 15 | 8 | 0:39 | −19 | 23 | −58:12 | 12 | 12 | 0:35 | −35 | 52 | −153:0 |
| NES 0.7 | 22 | 10 | 0:58 | −19 | 36 | −82:17 | 30 | 10 | 17:57 | 1 | 28 | −63:18 | 36 | 17 | −4:62 | 15 | 9 | 0:27 |
| NES 0.8 | 8 | 8 | −6:24 | −8 | 29 | −72:14 | 21 | 6 | 4:36 | −11 | 20 | −58:7 | 15 | 10 | −5:28 | −8 | 25 | −69:13 |
| NSS 0.1 | 15 | 5 | 0:26 | −74 | 42 | −148:4 | 19 | 5 | 9:29 | −55 | 29 | −98:76 | 23 | 14 | 4:74 | −46 | 38 | −96:8 |
| NSS 0.2 | 10 | 3 | 0:18 | −80 | 23 | −122:-44 | 15 | 4 | 9:23 | −93 | 34 | −163:−59 | 13 | 8 | 0:25 | −36 | 36 | −86:9 |
| NSS 0.3 | 12 | 7 | 0:29 | −101 | 55 | −233:−57 | 15 | 3 | 8:22 | −93 | 45 | −191:−46 | 18 | 5 | 5:28 | −84 | 23 | −118:−42 |
| NSS 0.4 | 16 | 12 | 0:57 | −55 | 18 | −80:-30 | 15 | 6 | 7:33 | −45 | 11 | −59:−28 | 28 | 10 | 12:62 | −34 | 31 | −81:20 |
| NSS 0.5 | 10 | 8 | 0:33 | −75 | 40 | −146:0 | 29 | 9 | 9:53 | −68 | 41 | −176:−36 | 25 | 11 | 0:52 | −54 | 42 | −124:0 |
*All values have been rounded to nearest whole number.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Nominal predication with estar
- A distinctness approach to clitic combinations in Romance
- Mirativity as Expressive Meaning: The Case of adiós
- The Internal Structure of Perfective Adjectives: States and Blocking
- L2 Acquisition of Spanish VOT by English-Speaking Immigrants in Spain
- The Use of the Glottal Stop as a Variant of /s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish
- On the Gradient Lenition of Spanish Voiced Obstruents: A Look at Onset Clusters
- On the Contrasts Between sí ‘yes’ and sí que ‘yes that’ in Spanish and the Structure of the Complementizer Phrase Domain
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Nominal predication with estar
- A distinctness approach to clitic combinations in Romance
- Mirativity as Expressive Meaning: The Case of adiós
- The Internal Structure of Perfective Adjectives: States and Blocking
- L2 Acquisition of Spanish VOT by English-Speaking Immigrants in Spain
- The Use of the Glottal Stop as a Variant of /s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish
- On the Gradient Lenition of Spanish Voiced Obstruents: A Look at Onset Clusters
- On the Contrasts Between sí ‘yes’ and sí que ‘yes that’ in Spanish and the Structure of the Complementizer Phrase Domain
