Abstract
The Latin present participle in ‑nte(m) did not survive systematically in Romance. In Spanish, although a small number of forms in ‑nte may be considered inherited words, the overwhelming majority are cultured borrowings (cultismos) which hugely contributed to the elaboration of the written language; many have also diffused into everyday usage and are amongst the commonest words in the contemporary language. Such substantial cultural borrowing also paved the way for internal creations and later morphological calques from English forms in ‑ing, as a result of which forms in ‑nte are continuing to grow in both numbers and frequency. However, despite what may be seen as cultured experiments in the more systematic elaboration of a true present participle category in Spanish, forms in ‑nte came into competition with adjectives formed with the agentive suffix ‑dor, in which they were subject to restrictions of both an aspectual and pragmatic nature. This article traces the successful diffusion of ‑nte forms and suggests reasons which hindered their regaining total productivity.
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Appendix A: Preliminary corpus
Words in ‑nte amongst the 5,000 commonest words in modern Spanish, in Davies/Hayward Davies 22017, with exclusions as detailed in 2.
| rank | word | grammatical category | corresponding to English |
| 139 | durante | prep | during |
| 147 | presidente | noun | president |
| 171 | importante | adj | important |
| 293 | diferente | adj | different, separate |
| 308 | bastante | adj/adv | enough, plenty of; rather, fairly, quite a bit |
| 350 | siguiente | adj | following, next |
| 616 | interesante | adj | interesting |
| 652 | mediante | prep | by means of |
| 729 | ambiente | noun | environment, atmosphere |
| 781 | suficiente | adj | sufficient, enough |
| 795 | estudiante | noun | student |
| 992 | instante | noun | instant, momento |
| 1062 | cliente | noun | client, customer |
| 1113 | presente | noun | present |
| 1119 | paciente | noun | patient |
| 1121 | habitante | noun | inhabitant |
| 1177 | independiente | adj | independent, self-sufficient |
| 1233 | obstante | adv | however, nevertheless |
| 1281 | corriente | noun | current, flow |
| 1284 | reciente | adj | recent |
| 1353 | constante | adj | constant |
| 1360 | dirigente | nc | leader, director, manager |
| 1405 | representante | noun | representative |
| 1493 | agente | noun | agent |
| 1546 | excelente | adj | excellent |
| 1613 | consiguiente | conj | por c.: consequently |
| 1636 | evidente | adj | evident, obvious |
| 1661 | accidente | noun | accident, irregularity |
| 1702 | permanente | adj | permanent |
| 1801 | brillante | adj | brilliant, shiny, sparkling |
| 1805 | repente | adv | de + r.: suddenly |
| 1810 | caliente | adj | hot, warm, spirited |
| 1862 | consciente | adj | conscious, aware |
| 1904 | semejante | adj | similar, such, alike |
| 1917 | correspondiente | adj | corresponding |
| 1950 | continente | noun | continent |
| 2066 | frecuente | adj | frequent |
| 2105 | cantante | noun | singer |
| 2167 | inteligente | adj | intelligent |
| 2210 | amante | noun | lover |
| 2257 | adolescente | noun | adolescent |
| 2271 | existente | adj | existing |
| 2275 | componente | noun | component, ingredient |
| 2328 | creciente | adj | growing, increasing |
| 2428 | visitante | noun | visitor |
| 2519 | procedente | adj | coming (from) |
| 2580 | docente | noun | teacher |
| 2582 | oriente | noun | East |
| 2636 | restaurante | noun | restaurant |
| 2703 | pariente | noun | relative |
| 2720 | impresionante | adj | impressive, astonishing |
| 2742 | elegante | adj | elegant, smart, stylish |
| 2784 | abundante | adj | abundant, plentiful |
| 2816 | gigante | noun | giant |
| 2827 | comandante | noun | commander, commanding officer |
| 2834 | pendiente | noun | slope, descent; earring |
| 2853 | conveniente | adj | convenient |
| 2919 | corriente | adj | current, common |
| 3008 | equivalente | noun | equivalent |
| 3040 | pendiente | adj | aware of, pending |
| 3056 | sorprendente | adj | surprising, astonishing |
| 3085 | participante | noun | participant |
| 3092 | vicepresidente | noun | vice president |
| 3146 | asistente | noun | assistant |
| 3160 | gerente | noun | manager, director |
| 3171 | vigente | adj | in force, valid |
| 3174 | antecedente | noun | antecedent |
| 3176 | gobernante | noun | ruler, leader |
| 3200 | relevante | adj | relevant, significant |
| 3227 | inocente | adj | innocent, naive |
| 3229 | urgente | adj | urgent |
| 3253 | transparente | adj | transparent, clear |
| 3257 | eficiente | adj | efficient |
| 3289 | indiferente | adj | indifferent |
| 3311 | occidente | noun | West |
| 3350 | comerciante | noun | merchant, businessperson |
| 3391 | aparente | adj | apparent |
| 3519 | potente | adj | potent, powerful |
| 3569 | dominante | adj | dominant, prevailing |
| 3622 | inconveniente | noun | inconvenience, drawback |
| 3662 | serpiente | noun | snake |
| 3679 | delincuente | noun | delinquent |
| 3689 | distante | adj | distant, far, remote |
| 3697 | incidente | noun | incident |
| 3746 | aspirante | noun | candidate, applicant |
| 3770 | ardiente | adj | passionate, ardent |
| 3863 | teniente | noun | lieutenant, deputy mayor |
| 3864 | inconsciente | adj | unconscious, thoughtless |
| 3899 | sonriente | adj | smiling |
| 3950 | militante | noun | member, militant |
| 3979 | proveniente | adj | coming from |
| 3986 | expediente | noun | dossier, proceedings |
| 4005 | descendiente | noun | descendant |
| 4063 | ingrediente | noun | ingredient |
| 4089 | competente | adj | competent, able |
| 4107 | ayudante | noun | helper, assistant |
| 4141 | variante | noun | variant, difference |
| 4183 | inmigrante | noun | immigrant |
| 4313 | decente | adj | respectable, decent |
| 4333 | perteneciente | adj | pertaining, belonging |
| 4353 | precedente | noun | precedent |
| 4354 | residente | adj | resident |
| 4374 | referente | adj | concerning |
| 4390 | fabricante | noun | manufacturer |
| 4417 | valiente | adj | brave, courageous, bold |
| 4425 | resistente | adj | tough, resistant, durable |
| 4503 | creyente | noun | believer, follower |
| 4523 | fascinante | adj | fascinating |
| 4525 | volante | noun | steering wheel |
| 4533 | prudente | adj | sensible, prudent |
| 4671 | coherente | adj | coherent, connected |
| 4674 | contundente | adj | decisive, blunt, forceful |
| 4689 | inminente | adj | imminent |
| 4737 | pertinente | adj | pertinent, relevant |
| 4800 | oyente | noun | listener, hearer |
| 4809 | insignificante | adj | insignificant |
| 4864 | impaciente | adj | impatient |
| 4881 | insuficiente | adj | insufficient |
| 4913 | restante | adj | remaining, left over |
Appendix B: Sample of the secondary corpus
The following table gives forms in ‑ante beginning with a from the secondary corpus, a sample which gives a fair flavour of the total, which would have occupied many pages. It will be noted that a number of these words are not present in DLE, which means that they have not yet been admitted into the official standard, despite in some cases being quite substantially attested. Even more are not present in OSD: for this reason, the resources of Linguee have been consulted and the translation equivalents there are shown in round brackets (the data offered by Linguee, based on translations, is very relevant for our investigation because it is precisely through translation that many neologisms, especially calques and cognate cultured borrowings and coinings, gain currency). In square brackets I give my own translations of words which are not in Linguee but can be found on the Internet. This discrepancy amongst the data sources is itself further eloquent testimony to the fact that the process of coining and embedding of forms in ‑ante is still ongoing and that the suffix is extremely productive.
| CDE | Century of embedding | OSD English equivalent/ (Linguee translation/[meaning]) |
DLE |
| aberrante | 20th | aberrant | YES |
| abismante | 20th | astounding, breathtaking, staggering | NO |
| abrumante | 19th | (overwhelming, crushing) | YES |
| abusante | 20th | [abuser] | NO |
| acariciante | 19th | (caressing) | YES |
| accionante | 20th | (petitioner, person bringing a legal action) | NO |
| acechante | 20th | lying in wait | YES |
| acezante | 20th | puffing and panting | NO |
| acongojante | 20th | (distressing) | YES |
| actuante | 18th | (active; acting; actuating) | YES |
| acuciante | 20th (instances also in the 18th century) | pressing, burning | YES |
| adyuvante | 20th | (adjuvant) | YES |
| aglutinante | 19th | agglutinating | YES |
| agobiante | 20th | exhausting | YES |
| agravante | 20th | aggravating | YES |
| ahogante | 19th | (stifling) | YES |
| aislante | 20th | isolating | YES |
| aleteante | 20th | (fluttering) | NO |
| alienante | 20th | alienating | YES |
| alimentante | 20th | (debtor) | YES |
| alternante | 20th | (alternating) | YES |
| altoparlante | 20th | loudspeaker | YES |
| alucinante | 20th | amazing | YES |
| amargante | 20th (instances also in the 14th century) | (bitter, astringent) | NO |
| anarquizante | 20th | (anarchic) | YES |
| angloparlante | 20th | English-speaking | YES |
| angustiante | 20th (instances also in the 14th century) | distressing | YES |
| anonadante | 20th | (striking, breath-taking) | YES |
| anquilosante | 20th | (ankylosing) | YES |
| anticoagulante | 20th | anticoagulant | YES |
| anticongelante | 20th | antifreeze | YES |
| antideslizante | 20th | antiskid, nonslip | YES |
| antidetonante | 20th | antiknock agent | YES |
| antiinmigrante | 20th | (anti-immigrant) | NO |
| antioxidante | 20th | antioxidant | YES |
| anunciante | 20th | (advertiser) | YES |
| apabullante | 20th | resounding, overwhelming, crushing | YES |
| apantallante | 20th | [captivating; screening][19] | NO |
| apasionante | 20th | exciting, enthralling | YES |
| aplantante | 20th | [crushing][20] | NO |
| aportante | 20th | (supporter) | NO |
| apostante | 20th | (better, someone who places a bet) | YES |
| apremiante | 19th (instances also in the 17th century) | pressing, urgent | YES |
| arcaizante | 20th | archaising | YES |
| asaltante | 19th | attacking | YES |
| asediante | 20th | (besieger (n.); stifling (adj.)) | YES |
| asfixiante | 19th | asphyxiating, stifling | YES |
| asonante | 17th | assonant | YES |
| asqueante | 20th | sickening, nauseating | NO |
| atacante | 20th | infuriating, maddening | YES |
| atemorizante | 20th | (scary) | NO |
| atenuante | 18th | extenuating | YES |
| aterrante | 19th | terrifying | NO |
| atorrante | 19th | lazy, scruffy, pain in the neck | YES |
| atosigante | 20th | (hassling, encompassing) | NO |
| autoblocante | 20th | (self‑locking) | NO |
| autoflagelante | 20th | (hair-shirt (measures)) [self-harming] | NO |
| avasallante | 20th | (crushing, overwhelming) | YES |
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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- Narration der Resilienz – Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vacas Naufragios (1542/1749)
- Buchbesprechungen – Buchanzeigen
- Javier Burguillo/María José Vega (Hgg.), Épica y conflicto religioso en el siglo XVI. Anglicanismo y luteranismo desde el imaginario hispánico, Woodbridge, Tamesis 2021. xii+226 Seiten.
- Marcus Coelen/Oliver Precht/Hanna Sohns (Hgg.), Pessoa denken. Eine Einführung. Mit Texten von und zu Fernando Pessoa, Wien, Turia + Kant, 2020. 244 Seiten.
- Jéromine François, La Celestina, un mito literario contemporáneo, Madrid / Frankfurt am Main, Vervuert, 2020 (Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 114). 532 páginas.
- Jorge García López / Danuše Franková, Martín Martínez y la Ilustración Española. Edición y estudio del «Juicio final de la Astrología», Girona, Documenta Universitaria, 2020. 266 Seiten.
- Janette Kranz, El periodismo literario de Leopoldo Alas, ‘Clarín’, Madrid, Fundación Universitaria Española, Col. Tesis Doctorales CUM LAUDE, Serie L (Literatura), Número 85, 2020. 319 páginas.
- Frank Nagel, Das Wissen des Dialogs. Epistemische Reflexion und poetische Kreativität bei Pedro Mexía und Pedro de Mercado, Paderborn, Brill / Fink, 2022 (Humanistische Bibliothek, Reihe I: Abhandlungen; 68). 385 Seiten.