Optimizing vulcanized natural rubber: the role of phenolic natural antioxidants and ionizing radiation
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Khaled F. El-Nemr
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Adel A. Koriem
Abstract
Phenolic antioxidants (PhA), a novel antioxidant for natural rubber (NR), were used in the current study. As anti-aging agents, different concentrations of gallic acid (G) or tannic acid (T) were added to NR/PhA composites to increase their heat resistance. The NR/PhA composites’ mechanical, Physico-chemical, and DSC characteristics were evaluated, as well as their thermo-oxidative aging evaluations. This led to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the NR/PhA composites, making them superior to the NR/Antage (as a traditional antioxidant) composites. Additionally, the addition of phenolic antioxidants raised the crosslinking density of the NR composites, which significantly impacted the mechanical characteristics. According to the findings, phenolic antioxidants enhanced the NR/silica composites’ resistance to solvent extraction and thermo-oxidative aging, much like Antage. Upon ionizing irradiation, the mechanical characteristics of the vulcanized composites rise with increasing absorbed dose at 10 kGy and then decrease at 30 kGy.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: Khaled F. El-Nemr: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Polymer composites synthesis, Characterization, Data interpretation, writing – original draft, editing & reviewing. Hamdi Radi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Polymer composites synthesis, Characterization, Data interpretation, writing – original draft, editing & reviewing. Adel A. Koriem: Methodology, writing – original draft, editing & reviewing. Eman M. Hamdy: Methodology, writing – original draft, editing & reviewing. Aman I. Khalaf: conceptualization, Methodology, Characterization, Polymer composites synthesis, Data interpretation, writing – original draft, editing & reviewing.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Utilization of traceable standards to validate plutonium isotopic purification and separation of plutonium progeny using AG MP-1M resin for nuclear forensic investigations
- DFT study of Se(-II) sorption on biotite in reducing conditions
- 140Ba → 140La radionuclide generator: reverse-tandem scheme
- Estimation of valuable metals content in tin ore mining waste of the Russian Far East region by instrumental neutron activation analysis
- Optimizing vulcanized natural rubber: the role of phenolic natural antioxidants and ionizing radiation
- The gamma radiation shielding properties of tin-doped composites: experimental and theoretical comparison
- Effect of replacing ZnO with La2O3 on the physical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of lanthanum zinc tellurite
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Utilization of traceable standards to validate plutonium isotopic purification and separation of plutonium progeny using AG MP-1M resin for nuclear forensic investigations
- DFT study of Se(-II) sorption on biotite in reducing conditions
- 140Ba → 140La radionuclide generator: reverse-tandem scheme
- Estimation of valuable metals content in tin ore mining waste of the Russian Far East region by instrumental neutron activation analysis
- Optimizing vulcanized natural rubber: the role of phenolic natural antioxidants and ionizing radiation
- The gamma radiation shielding properties of tin-doped composites: experimental and theoretical comparison
- Effect of replacing ZnO with La2O3 on the physical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of lanthanum zinc tellurite
