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Study of gamma, neutron, and proton interaction parameters of some immunotherapy drugs using EpiXs, NGCal, and PSTAR software

  • Gangadharayya Hiremath ORCID logo , Vishwanath Singh , Narasimha Ayachit and Nagappa Badiger ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 9, 2024
Radiochimica Acta
From the journal Radiochimica Acta Volume 112 Issue 9

Abstract

In proton therapy, the protons are used to destroy the cancer cells efficiently at the Bragg peak without much damage to normal cells. The protons can also produce neutrons, protons, and high-energy gamma rays through nuclear reactions with cancerous and healthy tissues as well as with beamline components. The effective observed dose in the therapy is enhanced due to the interaction of nuclear particles with cancerous tissues. Such nuclear particles can have several effects on drugs used in immunotherapy, such as immunotherapy in combination with proton therapy, which has been used to treat cancer. In the present investigations, the gamma, neutron, and protons interaction parameters of some immunotherapy drugs, such as dostarlimab, atezolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, are determined by using EpiXs, NGCal, and PSTAR software. It is found that the EBF and EABF for all selected immunotherapy drugs increase with increasing penetration depth, peaking at 100 keV. The peaking is more symmetric at a higher penetration depth of 40 mfp than at a lower one of 1 mfp. At lower energies of gamma photons, the EBF values increase exponentially, and at higher energies, they increase linearly with increasing penetration depth for all selected drugs. Mass attenuation factors are slightly higher for thermal neutrons than for fast neutrons for selected immunotherapeutic drugs, indicating that thermal neutrons more actively participate in these drugs than fast neutrons. The mass attenuation factor for both fast and thermal neutrons increases with increasing weight percentages of hydrogen and is found to be higher for thermal neutrons. This is the first study in the literature to investigate the radiation interaction parameters for immunotherapy drugs, and it is helpful in radiation therapy and dosimetry.

Keywords: photon interaction; gamma; drugs; immunotherapy; radiation therapy
Corresponding author: Nagappa Badiger, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubbali 580031, India, E-mail:

Funding source: KLE Technological University

Award Identifier / Grant number: Unassigned

Acknowledgment

NMB (one of the authors) would like to thank KLE Technological University, Hubballi for funding the capacity building projects and also appointing GBH (one of the authors) as a research associate in the project.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Gangadharayya Hiremath: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing-original draft; Vishwanath Singh: validation; Narasimha Ayachit: visualization; Nagappa Badiger: conceptualization, methodology, writing-review & editing, supervision, project administration.

  3. Competing interests: The authors states no conflict of interest.

  4. Research funding: Capacity building project, KLE Technological University, Hubballi.

  5. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2023-11-16
Accepted: 2024-04-21
Published Online: 2024-05-09
Published in Print: 2024-09-25

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Phytoremediation of radium contaminated soils: recent advances and prospects
  4. Original Papers
  5. Kinetic evaluation of the uranyl peroxide synthetic route on morphology
  6. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide decorated diatomite composite materials and their adsorption performance for uranium ions
  7. The performance of iron-silicate-based biochar as a sorbent material towards 133Ba retention from radioactive liquid waste
  8. Challenges in the solution phase synthesis of PSMA-11 and PSMA-617: organic ligands for radiopharmaceutical preparations in prostate cancer medication
  9. Synthesis, MTT assay, 99m-Technetium radiolabeling, biodistribution evaluation of radiotracer and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging study of P,N-doped graphene quantum dots as a new multipurpose imaging nano-agent
  10. Assessment of radioactivity and radiological risk indices in the sediments of the Tam Giang-Cau Hai, Thi Nai, and Nai lagoons in the Center of Vietnam
  11. Study of gamma, neutron, and proton interaction parameters of some immunotherapy drugs using EpiXs, NGCal, and PSTAR software
  12. Gamma and neutron attenuation of SiO2–B2O3–BaO–Li2O glasses doped with CeO2
https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2023-0255
Keywords for this article
photon interaction; gamma; drugs; immunotherapy; radiation therapy

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Phytoremediation of radium contaminated soils: recent advances and prospects
  4. Original Papers
  5. Kinetic evaluation of the uranyl peroxide synthetic route on morphology
  6. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide decorated diatomite composite materials and their adsorption performance for uranium ions
  7. The performance of iron-silicate-based biochar as a sorbent material towards 133Ba retention from radioactive liquid waste
  8. Challenges in the solution phase synthesis of PSMA-11 and PSMA-617: organic ligands for radiopharmaceutical preparations in prostate cancer medication
  9. Synthesis, MTT assay, 99m-Technetium radiolabeling, biodistribution evaluation of radiotracer and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging study of P,N-doped graphene quantum dots as a new multipurpose imaging nano-agent
  10. Assessment of radioactivity and radiological risk indices in the sediments of the Tam Giang-Cau Hai, Thi Nai, and Nai lagoons in the Center of Vietnam
  11. Study of gamma, neutron, and proton interaction parameters of some immunotherapy drugs using EpiXs, NGCal, and PSTAR software
  12. Gamma and neutron attenuation of SiO2–B2O3–BaO–Li2O glasses doped with CeO2
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