Home Power to the city: Assessing the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in multiple cities of Ecuador
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Power to the city: Assessing the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in multiple cities of Ecuador

  • Mariela Tapia ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Leonard Ramos , Detlev Heinemann and Edwin Zondervan
Published/Copyright: June 20, 2022
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Physical Sciences Reviews
From the journal Physical Sciences Reviews Volume 8 Issue 9

Abstract

Solar energy plays a crucial role in helping cities to decentralize energy production and thus decarbonize the energy mix. Reliable resource assessments are needed to support the deployment of solar power systems, especially in cities of developing countries where large solar potential remains untapped. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) in three populated cities in Ecuador’s mainland (Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca) and in the Galapagos Islands. The assessment involves (i) the estimation of the available rooftop area based on geographic information system data, (ii) the calculation of energy yield based on hourly satellite-derived irradiance and meteorological data, and (iii) the economic feasibility assessment in terms of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) compared to representative electricity tariffs. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the variability of the estimated technical and economic potential with respect to changes in the input parameters. The results reveal a total available rooftop area of about 144 km2, mainly concentrated in urban parishes. The estimated energy yield is 16.94 ± 3.38 TWh/a, which could cover almost twice the annual energy consumption in 2019 of the study areas. The economic assessment shows that the LCOE ranges between 7.65 and 21.12 USD cents/kWh. However, the comparison of LCOE against representative residential tariff suggests that rooftop PV technology is not cost-competitive under most of the financial scenarios. The findings from this study will be of interest for local authorities and other decision makers to design policies and financing strategies to increase the penetration of rooftop PV and thus exploiting the large potential assessed in the study areas. The described methodology can be used for assessing the potential in other regions of Ecuador and thereby support the diversification and decarbonization of the energy mix in the country.

Keywords: Ecuador; geographic information systems; resource assessment; rooftop photovoltaic potential; urban solar potential
Corresponding author: Mariela Tapia, Resilient Energy Systems Research Group, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Str. 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is based on the master’s thesis by Leonard Ramos, conceptualized and supervised by Mariela Tapia. We thank the High-Performance Computing Team from the University of Oldenburg for their computing facilities. The first author dedicates this work in memory of Prof. Dr. Stefan Gößling-Reisemann.

  1. Author contributions: Mariela Tapia: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing. Leonard Ramos: Methodology, software, visualization, formal analysis, validation, writing – original draft. Detlev Heinemann: writing – review and editing. Edwin Zondervan: Writing – review and editing.

  2. Research funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
Table A1:

Main input parameters for the SAPM model of the selected PV module (SunPower SPR 220 BLK-U). Source: ref. [61].

Parameter Unit Value Parameter Unit Value
Vintage – 2008 I x0 – 5.4651
Material – Mono-c-Si I xx0 – 3.7619
Area m2 1.244 α Isc – 0.000179
Cells in series – 72 α Imp – −0.000435
I so0 A 5.468 β Voc0 – −0.145022
V oc0 V 47.832 β Vmp0 – −0.1492
I mp0 A 5.086 m βVoc0 – 0
V mp0 V 39.335 m βVmp0 – 0
Appendix B
Table B1:

Overview of main parameters for the economic assessment of rooftop PV systems used in recent studies regarding PV assessment in different regions of Ecuador.

Author, Year Region Capacity [kWp] Type CAPEX [USD/kWp] OPEX [USD/kWp] Discount rate [%] Lifetime [years] Reference
Benalcazar et al., 2020 Quito 3 Single system 1970 0.5–1% of CAPEX 7.00 25 [39]
5 1840
10 1780
Bermeo et al., 2021 Azogues 62.4 Single system 1110 – 7.15 20 [41]
Barragán et al., 2019 Cuenca 314,270 Aggregated at a city level 1433 17.2 10.00 25 [11]
Dávila and vallejo, 2019 Quito 557,100 Aggregated at a city level 750a – 10.71 25 [10]
Trejo, 2021 Ibarra 7.68 Single system 3042b 0 8.68 25 [42]

  1. aThis value was not considered for the selection because according to ref. [10] it represents an hypothetical scenario,bthis value was not considered for the selection because the calculations uses prices of flexible PV modules [42], which are more expensive compared to the modules used in our study.

Appendix C
Figure C.1: Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Quito disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others). Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].
Figure C.1:

Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Quito disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others).

Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].

Figure C.2: Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Guayaquil disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others). Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].
Figure C.2:

Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Guayaquil disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others).

Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].

Figure C.3: Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Cuenca disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others). Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].
Figure C.3:

Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in urban and rural parishes of Cuenca disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others).

Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].

Figure C.4: Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in parishes of the Galapagos Islands disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others). Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].
Figure C.4:

Comparison of the estimated annual energy yield under the base case assumptions and electricity consumption in parishes of the Galapagos Islands disaggregated by consumption groups (residential, commercial, industrial and others).

Source: Own calculations and consumption statistics in 2019 taken from ref. [45].

Appendix D
Figure D.1: Long-term hourly averages of solar irradiance components from 1998 to 2018 in Quito. Data retrieved from the NSRDB.
Figure D.1: Long-term hourly averages of solar irradiance components from 1998 to 2018 in Quito. Data retrieved from the NSRDB.
Figure D.1:

Long-term hourly averages of solar irradiance components from 1998 to 2018 in Quito. Data retrieved from the NSRDB.

References

1. IRENA. Rise of renewables in cities: energy solutions for the urban future; 2020. Available from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Oct/IRENA_Renewables_in_cities_2020.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

2. Jaeger-Waldau, A. PV status report 2018. Luxembourg (Luxembourg): Publications Office of the European Union; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

3. Ordoñez, F, Vaca-Revelo, D, Lopez-Villada, J. Assessment of the solar resource in andean regions by comparison between satellite estimation and ground measurements: study case of Ecuador. J Sustain Dev 2019;12:62–75. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n4p62.Search in Google Scholar

4. ARCERNNR. Estadística anual y multianual del sector eléctrico ecuatoriano 2020; 2021. Available from: https://www.controlrecursosyenergia.gob.ec/estadisticas-del-sector-electrico-ecuatoriano-buscar/ [Accessed 16 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

5. ARCERNNR, Resolucion Nro. ARCERNNR-013/2021; 2021. Available from: https://www.controlrecursosyenergia.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2021/06/res_nro__arcernnr-013-2021.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

6. Salazar, S, Arcos, H. Análisis técnico y económico de la implementación del net metering para diferentes tipos de consumidores de electricidad en el ecuador. Rev Técnica “Energía” 2021;18:86–94. https://doi.org/10.37116/revistaenergia.v18.n1.2021.464.Search in Google Scholar

7. Byrne, J, Taminiau, J, Kurdgelashvili, L, Kim, KN. A review of the solar city concept and methods to assess rooftop solar electric potential, with an illustrative application to the city of Seoul. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;41:830–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.023.Search in Google Scholar

8. Schallenberg-Rodríguez, J. Photovoltaic techno-economical potential on roofs in regions and islands: the case of the Canary Islands. Methodological review and methodology proposal. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;20:219–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.078.Search in Google Scholar

9. Bódis, K, Kougias, I, Jäger-Waldau, A, Taylor, N, Szabó, S. A high-resolution geospatial assessment of the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in the European union. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019;114:109309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109309.Search in Google Scholar

10. Dávila, R, Vallejo, D. Evaluación del potencial técnico y económico de la tecnología solar fotovoltaica para la microgeneración eléctrica en el sector residencial del distrito metropolitano de Quito. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; 2019. Available from: https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/786%0Ahttps://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/786/1/CD-1222.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

11. Barragán-Escandón, A, Zalamea-León, E, Terrados-Cepeda, J. Incidence of photovoltaics in cities based on indicators of occupancy and urban sustainability. Energies 2019;12:1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050810.Search in Google Scholar

12. Tian, A, Zünd, D, Bettencourt, LMA. Estimating rooftop solar potential in urban environments: a generalized approach and assessment of the Galápagos Islands. Front Sustain Cities 2021;3:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.632109.Search in Google Scholar

13. Sengupta, M, Xie, Y, Lopez, A, Habte, A, Maclaurin, G, Shelby, J. The national solar radiation data base (NSRDB). Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018;89:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.003.Search in Google Scholar

14. NREL, System Advisor Model (SAM); 2022. Available from: https://sam.nrel.gov/ [Accessed 21 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

15. Solargis, World BankGroup. Global solar atlas; 2020. Available from: https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/ecuador [Accessed 21 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

16. Noboa, A. El modelo de organización territorial del Ecuador con énfasis en la actividad normativa de los gobiernos locales. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar; 2013:1–85 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/10644/3752 [Accessed 21 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

17. Lemos, M. Historia de la organización territorial en el Ecuador. Guayaquil: Universidad de Guayaquil; 2019.Search in Google Scholar

18. Instituto Geográfico Militar, Geoportal IGM; 2021. Available from: http://www.geoportaligm.gob.ec [Accessed 26 Jan 2022].Search in Google Scholar

19. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), Censo de Población y Vivienda; 2010. Available from: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/ [Accessed 28 Apr 2021].Search in Google Scholar

20. GAD Municipal de Guayaquil, Gaceta Oficial No. 18; 2020. Available from: https://www.guayaquil.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/Documentos/Gacetas/Periodo 2019-2023/Gaceta 18.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan 2022].Search in Google Scholar

21. GAD Municipal Cuenca. Anexos PUGS – actualizado a Septiembre 2021; 2021: 165 p. Available from: http://www.cuenca.gob.ec/sites/default/files/planificacion/Anexos PUGS-actualizado a septiembre 2021.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan 2022].Search in Google Scholar

22. Secretaría General de Planificación, Geoportal del Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito; 2021. Available from: http://geoportal.quito.gob.ec/smiq/ [Accessed 6 May 2021].Search in Google Scholar

23. GAD Municipal de Guayaquil, Geoportal del GAD Municipal de Guayaquil; 2021. Available from: https://geoportal-guayaquil.opendata.arcgis.com [Accessed 6 May 2021].Search in Google Scholar

24. GAD Municipal Cuenca, Geoportal Cuenca; 2021. Available from: https://ide.cuenca.gob.ec/geoportal-web [Accessed 5 May 2021].Search in Google Scholar

25. Consejo de Gobierno del Régimen Especial, Geoportal Galápagos; 2021. Available from: http://geoportal.gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec [Accessed 5 May 2021].Search in Google Scholar

26. Tapia, M, Heinemann, D, Ballari, D, Zondervan, E. Spatio-temporal characterization of long-term solar resource using spatial functional data analysis: understanding the variability and complementarity of global horizontal irradiance in Ecuador. Renew Energy 2022;189:1176–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.049.Search in Google Scholar

27. Walch, A, Castello, R, Mohajeri, N, Scartezzini, JL. Big data mining for the estimation of hourly rooftop photovoltaic potential and its uncertainty. Appl Energy 2020;262:114404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114404.Search in Google Scholar

28. QGIS Association, QGIS Geographic Information System; 2022. Available from http://www.qgis.org [Accessed 13 Jun 2022].Search in Google Scholar

29. Lawhead, J. QGIS python programming cookbook. Birmingham: Packt Publishing Ltd; 2015.Search in Google Scholar

30. Holmgren, WF, Hansen, CW, Mikofski, MA. Pvlib python: a python package for modeling solar energy systems. J Open Source Softw 2018;3:884. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00884.Search in Google Scholar

31. Zalamea-León, E, Mena-Campos, J, Barragán-Escandón, A, Parra-González, D, Méndez-Santos, P. Urban photovoltaic potential of inclined roofing for buildings in heritage centers in equatorial areas. J Green Build 2018;13:45–69. https://doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.3.45.Search in Google Scholar

32. Dobos, A. PVWatts version 5 manual; 2014, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-62641.10.2172/1158421Search in Google Scholar

33. King, DL, Boyson, WE, Kratochvil, JA. Photovoltaic array performance model; 2004, Tech. Rep. SAND2004–3535.10.2172/919131Search in Google Scholar

34. Morocho, I, Ríos, K. Estudio técnico para incorporar generación distribuida fotovoltaica en el sector residencial del cantón Cuenca. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Sede Cuenca; 2015. Available from: https://dspace.ups.edu.ec/handle/123456789/7516.Search in Google Scholar

35. pvlib, pvlib python; 2022. Available from: https://pvlib-python.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html [Accessed 6 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

36. Hay, JE, Davies, JA. Calculation of the solar radiation incident on a inclined surface. In: Hay, JE, Won, TK, editors. Proc. 1st can. sol. radiat. data work. Downsview, Canada: Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service; 1980:59–72 pp.Search in Google Scholar

37. Gómez-Navarro, T, Brazzini, T, Alfonso-Solar, D, Vargas-Salgado, C. Analysis of the potential for PV rooftop prosumer production: technical, economic and environmental assessment for the city of Valencia (Spain). Renew Energy 2021;174:372–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.049.Search in Google Scholar

38. Tjengdrawira, C, Richter, M, Theologitis, IT. Best practice guidelines for PV cost calculation; 2016. Available from: http://www.solarbankability.org/fileadmin/sites/www/files/documents/20161213_649997_Best_Practice_Guidelines_for_PV_Cost_Calculation_20161213.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

39. Benalcázar, P, Lara, J, Samper, M. Distributed photovoltaic generation in Ecuador: economic analysis and incentives mechanisms. IEEE Lat Am Trans 2020;18:564–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2020.9082728.Search in Google Scholar

40. Dávi, GA, Caamaño-Martín, E, Rüther, R, Solano, J. Energy performance evaluation of a net plus-energy residential building with grid-connected photovoltaic system in Brazil. Energy Build 2016;120:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.058.Search in Google Scholar

41. Bermeo, I, Matute, L, Barragán-Escandón, E, Serrano-Guerrero, X, Zalamea-León, E. Technical and economic feasibility study of a solar plant on a commercial surface in Azogues, Ecuador. Renew Energy Power Qual J 2021;19:177–83. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.250.Search in Google Scholar

42. Trejo, R. Estudio de factibilidad técnica económica para la implementación de un sistema de generación fotovoltaica en el edificio de la facultad de ingeniería en ciencias aplicadas. Ibarra: Universidad Técnica del Norte; 2021. http://repositorio.utn.edu.ec/handle/123456789/11213 [Accessed 21 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

43. ARCONEL. Pliego tarifario para las empresas eléctricas de distribución codificado; 2019. Available from: https://www.regulacionelectrica.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2019/07/P-Tarifario-SPEE-2019_Codif.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

44. Salazar, G. Análisis técnico y económico de la implementación del net metering para diferentes tipos de consumidores de electricidad en el Ecuador. Quito: Escuela Politécnica Nacional; 2020:1–119 pp. http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/20937 [Accessed 21 Feb 2022].10.37116/revistaenergia.v18.n1.2021.464Search in Google Scholar

45. ARCERNNR. Reportes de información estadística del sector eléctrico. Facturación clientes regulados 2019; 2021. Available from: http://reportes.controlrecursosyenergia.gob.ec [Accessed 8 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar

46. Cacuci, DG, Ionescu-Bujor, M. A comparative review of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of large-scale systems—II: statistical methods. Nucl Sci Eng 2004;147:204–17. https://doi.org/10.13182/04-54CR.Search in Google Scholar

47. Walpole, R, Myers, R, Myers, S, Ye, K. Probability and statistics for engineering and science, 9th ed Boston: Pearson; 2012.Search in Google Scholar

48. Mainzer, K, Fath, K, Mckenna, R, Stengel, J, Fichtner, W, Schultmann, F. A high-resolution determination of the technical potential for residential-roof-mounted photovoltaic systems in Germany. Sol Energy 2014;105:715–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2014.04.015.Search in Google Scholar

49. Melius, J, Margolis, R, Ong, S. Estimating rooftop suitability for PV: a review of methods, patents, and validation techniques; 2013, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-60593.10.2172/1117057Search in Google Scholar

50. Serrano-Guerrero, X, Cantos, E, Feijoo, JJ, Barragán-Escandón, A, Clairand, JM. Optimal tilt and orientation angles in fixed flat surfaces to maximize the capture of solar insolation: a case study in Ecuador. Appl Sci 2021;11:1–4. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104546.Search in Google Scholar

51. Maghami, MR, Hizam, H, Gomes, C, Radzi, MA, Rezadad, MI, Hajighorbani, S. Power loss due to soiling on solar panel: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;59:1307–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.044.Search in Google Scholar

52. Mainzer, K, Killinger, S, McKenna, R, Fichtner, W. Assessment of rooftop photovoltaic potentials at the urban level using publicly available geodata and image recognition techniques. Sol Energy 2017;155:561–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.065.Search in Google Scholar

53. Litardo, J, Hidalgo-Leon, R, MacIas, J, Delgado, K, Soriano, G. Estimating energy consumption and conservation measures for ESPOL Campus main building model using EnergyPlus. In: 2019 IEEE 39th cent. am. panama conv. CONCAPAN 2019. Novem; 2019.10.1109/CONCAPANXXXIX47272.2019.8976931Search in Google Scholar

54. Eras-Almeida, AA, Egido-Aguilera, MA, Blechinger, P, Berendes, S, Caamaño, E, García-Alcalde, E. Decarbonizing the Galapagos Islands: techno-economic perspectives for the hybrid renewable mini-grid Baltra-Santa Cruz. Sustain 2020;12:1–47. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062282.Search in Google Scholar

55. Ramirez Camargo, L, Zink, R, Dorner, W, Stoeglehner, G. Spatio-temporal modeling of roof-top photovoltaic panels for improved technical potential assessment and electricity peak load offsetting at the municipal scale. Comput Environ Urban Syst 2015;52:58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.03.002.Search in Google Scholar

56. Muñoz-Vizhñay, JP, Rojas-Moncayo, MV, Barreto-Calle, CR. Incentivo a la generación distribuida en el Ecuador. Ingenius 2018;19:60–8. https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n19.2018.06.Search in Google Scholar

57. García de Fonseca, L., Parikh, M., and Manghani, R. 2019. Evolución futura de costos de las energías renovables y almacenamiento en América Latina (Juan Paredes (ed.)). Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo División de Energía. https://doi.org/10.18235/0002101.Search in Google Scholar

58. Khuong, PM, McKenna, R, Fichtner, W. A cost-effective and transferable methodology for rooftop PV potential assessment in developing countries. Energies 2020;13:1–46. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102501.Search in Google Scholar

59. Barragán-Escandón, E, Zalamea-León, E, Terrados-Cepeda, J, Vanegas-Peralta, PF. Energy self-supply estimation in intermediate cities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020;129:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109913.Search in Google Scholar

60. Jacobson, MZ, Jadhav, V. World estimates of PV optimal tilt angles and ratios of sunlight incident upon tilted and tracked PV panels relative to horizontal panels. Sol Energy 2018;169:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.04.030.Search in Google Scholar

61. NREL. SAM/deploy/libraries/; 2021. Available from: https://github.com/NREL/SAM/tree/develop/deploy/libraries [Accessed 22 Feb 2022].Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-04-21
Accepted: 2022-05-17
Published Online: 2022-06-20

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Magnetic characterization of magnetoactive elastomers containing magnetic hard particles using first-order reversal curve analysis
  4. Microscopic understanding of particle-matrix interaction in magnetic hybrid materials by element-specific spectroscopy
  5. Biodeinking: an eco-friendly alternative for chemicals based recycled fiber processing
  6. Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions
  7. Cellulose-based polymers
  8. Biodegradable shape-memory polymers and composites
  9. Natural substances in cancer—do they work?
  10. Personalized and targeted therapies
  11. Identification of potential histone deacetylase inhibitory biflavonoids from Garcinia kola (Guttiferae) using in silico protein-ligand interaction
  12. Chemical computational approaches for optimization of effective surfactants in enhanced oil recovery
  13. Social media and learning in an era of coronavirus among chemistry students in tertiary institutions in Rivers State
  14. Techniques for the detection and quantification of emerging contaminants
  15. Occurrence, fate, and toxicity of emerging contaminants in a diverse ecosystem
  16. Updates on the versatile quinoline heterocycles as anticancer agents
  17. Trends in microbial degradation and bioremediation of emerging contaminants
  18. Power to the city: Assessing the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in multiple cities of Ecuador
  19. Phytoremediation as an effective tool to handle emerging contaminants
  20. Recent advances and prospects for industrial waste management and product recovery for environmental appliances: a review
  21. Integrating multi-objective superstructure optimization and multi-criteria assessment: a novel methodology for sustainable process design
  22. A conversation on the quartic equation of the secular determinant of methylenecyclopropene
  23. Recent developments in the synthesis and anti-cancer activity of acridine and xanthine-based molecules
  24. An overview of in silico methods used in the design of VEGFR-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents
  25. Fragment based drug design
  26. Advances in heterocycles as DNA intercalating cancer drugs
  27. Systems biology–the transformative approach to integrate sciences across disciplines
  28. Pharmaceutical interest of in-silico approaches
  29. Membrane technologies for sports supplementation
  30. Fused pyrrolo-pyridines and pyrrolo-(iso)quinoline as anticancer agents
  31. Membrane applications in the food industry
  32. Membrane techniques in the production of beverages
  33. Statistical methods for in silico tools used for risk assessment and toxicology
  34. Dicarbonyl compounds in the synthesis of heterocycles under green conditions
  35. Green synthesis of triazolo-nucleoside conjugates via azide–alkyne C–N bond formation
  36. Anaerobic digestion fundamentals, challenges, and technological advances
  37. Survival is the driver for adaptation: safety engineering changed the future, security engineering prevented disasters and transition engineering navigates the pathway to the climate-safe future
https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2020-0061
Keywords for this article
Ecuador; geographic information systems; resource assessment; rooftop photovoltaic potential; urban solar potential

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Magnetic characterization of magnetoactive elastomers containing magnetic hard particles using first-order reversal curve analysis
  4. Microscopic understanding of particle-matrix interaction in magnetic hybrid materials by element-specific spectroscopy
  5. Biodeinking: an eco-friendly alternative for chemicals based recycled fiber processing
  6. Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions
  7. Cellulose-based polymers
  8. Biodegradable shape-memory polymers and composites
  9. Natural substances in cancer—do they work?
  10. Personalized and targeted therapies
  11. Identification of potential histone deacetylase inhibitory biflavonoids from Garcinia kola (Guttiferae) using in silico protein-ligand interaction
  12. Chemical computational approaches for optimization of effective surfactants in enhanced oil recovery
  13. Social media and learning in an era of coronavirus among chemistry students in tertiary institutions in Rivers State
  14. Techniques for the detection and quantification of emerging contaminants
  15. Occurrence, fate, and toxicity of emerging contaminants in a diverse ecosystem
  16. Updates on the versatile quinoline heterocycles as anticancer agents
  17. Trends in microbial degradation and bioremediation of emerging contaminants
  18. Power to the city: Assessing the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in multiple cities of Ecuador
  19. Phytoremediation as an effective tool to handle emerging contaminants
  20. Recent advances and prospects for industrial waste management and product recovery for environmental appliances: a review
  21. Integrating multi-objective superstructure optimization and multi-criteria assessment: a novel methodology for sustainable process design
  22. A conversation on the quartic equation of the secular determinant of methylenecyclopropene
  23. Recent developments in the synthesis and anti-cancer activity of acridine and xanthine-based molecules
  24. An overview of in silico methods used in the design of VEGFR-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents
  25. Fragment based drug design
  26. Advances in heterocycles as DNA intercalating cancer drugs
  27. Systems biology–the transformative approach to integrate sciences across disciplines
  28. Pharmaceutical interest of in-silico approaches
  29. Membrane technologies for sports supplementation
  30. Fused pyrrolo-pyridines and pyrrolo-(iso)quinoline as anticancer agents
  31. Membrane applications in the food industry
  32. Membrane techniques in the production of beverages
  33. Statistical methods for in silico tools used for risk assessment and toxicology
  34. Dicarbonyl compounds in the synthesis of heterocycles under green conditions
  35. Green synthesis of triazolo-nucleoside conjugates via azide–alkyne C–N bond formation
  36. Anaerobic digestion fundamentals, challenges, and technological advances
  37. Survival is the driver for adaptation: safety engineering changed the future, security engineering prevented disasters and transition engineering navigates the pathway to the climate-safe future
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 13.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/psr-2020-0061/html
Scroll to top button