From connective construction to final particle: The emergence of the Korean disapproval marker hakonun
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Minju Kim
Abstract
Using conversational data, frequency counts, and prosodic evidence drawn from corpora of 70 television drama series and 142 audio-recorded natural conversations, I demonstrate that the Korean connective construction hakonun ‘after having done,’ which comprises ha ‘do’, ko ‘and’ and the topic marker nun and indicates a temporal sequence, has developed into a final particle that encodes a speaker’s stance of criticism and complaint. I show that the source, hakonun, has routinely been used in expressing concessive relations between two sequential events that go against the speaker’s expectation (‘counter-expectation’), and thus, is frequently used to challenge a hearer (e.g., ‘after having done many evil deeds, how can you ask for my help?’). Through this use, the speaker’s negative affect and stance of disapproval have become semanticized with hakonun. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of (inter)subjectification and insubordination, I propose that hakonun and Japanese shi ‘and’ constitute another case of crosslinguistically similar development of connectives becoming final particles. McGloin and Konishi (2010) argue that through its frequent use in the context of counter-expectation, shi ‘and’ has recently developed into a final particle expressing a speaker’s negative stance such as criticism and complaint.
Appendix A Transcription conventions
| [ ] | overlapping utterances |
| = | contiguous utterances |
| (0.5) | length of silence in tenths of a second |
| (.) | micro-pause; hearably a silence but not readily measurable |
| ? /, / . | rising/continuing/falling intonation |
| ¿ | A rise stronger than a comma but weaker than a question mark |
| : | sound stretch |
| - | cut-off or self-interruption |
| word | underlining indicates some form of stress or emphasis |
| WOrd | upper case indicates especially loud talk |
| ˚word˚ | quiet or soft talk |
| ↑ ↓ | sharp rise or down in pitch |
| < | jump-started talk |
| hhh | laughter, exhalation or aspiration (outbreaths) |
| .hhh | inhalation or inbreath |
| (( )) | transcriber’s remarks |
| ( ) | Uncertain utterances |
| tsk | a click of the tongue |
Appendix B Abbreviations used in the Korean gloss
| ACC | Accusative |
| BEN | Benefactive |
| CMT | Committal |
| COMP | Complementizer |
| CONN | Connective |
| COP | Copular |
| DC | Declarative |
| DM | Discourse Marker |
| HON | Honorific |
| IE | Informal, intimate Ending |
| FP | Final Particle |
| IN | Indicative Mood |
| NMZ | Nominalizer |
| NOM | Nominative |
| PAST | Past, Old Anterior |
| PL | Plural |
| POL | Polite Ending |
| REL | Relativizer |
| RES | Resultative |
| RETRO | Retrospective |
| Q | Question |
| QT | Quotation Marker |
| SUG | Suggestion |
| TOP | Topic |
| VOC | Vocative |
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Postnominal relative clauses in Chinese
- Outlining a grammaticalization path for the Spanish formula en plan (de): A contribution to crosslinguistic pragmatics
- From connective construction to final particle: The emergence of the Korean disapproval marker hakonun
- Complex predicates, simple inflecting verbs, and “uninflecting verbs” in Pre-Basque
- What makes up a reportable event in a language? Motion events as an important test domain in linguistic typology
- Words are constructions, too: A construction-based approach to English ablaut reduplication
- Oblique nominals, a verbal affix and late merge
- Experimental evidence supporting the overlapping distribution of core and exempt anaphors: Re-examination of long-distance bound caki-casin in Korean
- Reassessing the third person pronominal “copula” in spoken Israeli Hebrew
- Domain restriction in child Mandarin: Implications for quantifier spreading
- Nouns and verbs in the speech signal: Are there phonetic correlates of grammatical category?
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Postnominal relative clauses in Chinese
- Outlining a grammaticalization path for the Spanish formula en plan (de): A contribution to crosslinguistic pragmatics
- From connective construction to final particle: The emergence of the Korean disapproval marker hakonun
- Complex predicates, simple inflecting verbs, and “uninflecting verbs” in Pre-Basque
- What makes up a reportable event in a language? Motion events as an important test domain in linguistic typology
- Words are constructions, too: A construction-based approach to English ablaut reduplication
- Oblique nominals, a verbal affix and late merge
- Experimental evidence supporting the overlapping distribution of core and exempt anaphors: Re-examination of long-distance bound caki-casin in Korean
- Reassessing the third person pronominal “copula” in spoken Israeli Hebrew
- Domain restriction in child Mandarin: Implications for quantifier spreading
- Nouns and verbs in the speech signal: Are there phonetic correlates of grammatical category?
