The Translator’s Ideology: A Study of Three Persian Translations of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four
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Amin Amirdabbaghian
Abstract
The ideology and worldviews of a community may be shifted and modified through social changes brought about by political upheavals. In a country like Iran, the Islamic revolution (1979/80) has played a major role in re-shaping the ideology of the governing body which among many other things involves modifications in the language policy. After the revolution, Persian speakers were encouraged to be more conservative in their use of language. As a result, those who tended to produce discourse which was more conservative and Islam-oriented became more popular and respected among the Iranian people. Ideology is one of the major factors which influences the manipulation of language use in translation. Prefaces and introductions which form the paratexts to a translated product often contain expressions of a translator’s ideology, and this usually manifests itself in the translation product. This study aims to describe the ideological impact of the social situation both in the pre- and post-revolutionary era in Iran on translations of George Orwell’s famous political novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) into Persian. This study will, therefore, compare the prefaces in three Persian translations of Nineteen Eighty-Four which were produced before and after the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution. The three Persian translations are by Mehdi Bahremand (1976), Zhila Sazegar (1980) and Saleh Hosseini (1982). This study employs Farahzad’s (2012) second dimension of the three-dimensional translation criticism model i. e. paratextual analysis alongside Lefevere’s (1992) theory of manipulation to investigate some of the lexical differences that manifest themselves in the pre-and post-revolutionary Persian translations of Nineteen Eighty-Four which reflect the personal ideologies of the three Persian translators as explicitly or implicitly expressed in their prefaces.
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Appendix 1: Parts from “Why I Write” by George Orwell (1946)
George Orwell (1946: 2–3):
I do not think one can assess a writer’s motives without knowing something of his early development. His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in – at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own – but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job, no doubt, to discipline his temperament and avoid getting stuck at some immature stage, in some perverse mood; but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. Putting aside the need to earn a living, I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They exist in different degrees in every writer, and in any one writer, the proportions will vary from time to time, according to the atmosphere in which he is living. They are:
Sheer egoism. Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on the grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood, etc. It is humbug to pretend this is not a motive and a strong one. Writers share this characteristic with scientists, artists, politicians, lawyers, soldiers, successful businessmen – in short, with the whole top crust of humanity.
Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement. Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another, in the firmness of good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed.
Historical impulse. Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity.
Political purpose – using the word “political” in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other peoples’ idea of the kind of society that they should strive after. Once again, no book is genuinely free from political bias. The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude.
Appendix 2: Persian Prefaces by Three Persian Translators on Nineteen Eighty-Four:
1. Mehdi Bahremand (1976: I):
پیش گویی آینده:
هزار و نه صد و هشتاد و چهار کتاب هیجان انگیزی است که درباره ی مردم و درباره ی دنیای تعجب انگیزی که ایشان را احاطه کرده است – و ایجاد و تشکیل آن چندان هم غیر ممکن نیست – نوشته شده است. دنیای لرزاننده و حیرت انگیز هزار و نه صد و هشتاد و چهار دنیایی است که بسیاری از ما ممکن است در آن زندگی کنیم.
دنیای حیرت انگیز هزار و نه صد و هشتاد و چهار
از سه کشور بزرگ غول آسا و مقتدر و بی رحم تشکیل شده است که دائما در جنگ هستند. ساکنین این سه کشور که بیش از طاقت خود به کار کشیده می شوند و هرگز غذای کافی به دست نمی آورند، تبدیل به آدم های ماشینی بی مغزی شده و در محیطی گرفتار گشته اند که در آن عشق به موجب فرمان دولت ممنوع شده و تنفر علی رغم میل خود شخص، برانگیخته می شود و تلویزیون دو سره زندگی خصوصی را تبدیل به یک جنایت قابل مجازات ساخته است.
2. Zhila Sazegar (1980: 5–9):
اشاره ئی از مترجم
«ما از مردگانیم»
«وینستون سمیت» قهرمان داستان هزار و نهصد و هشتاد و چهار، خودش می داند که در چنگ سیاست حاکم و حزب، آن که می داند، آن که تردید می کند، آن که می پرسد و آن که تمرد می کند، بی تردید از مردگان است....
حکایت غم انگیز «وینستون سمیت»، حکایت انسانی تنها و محکوم، و در عین حال آگاه است که در عجزی تلخ به انجام وظایفی که هیچ اعتقادی به آن ها ندارد روزگار می گذراند. او به خلاف مسیر مطلوب تنها حزب حاکم در سرزمینش، شنا می کند و می داند که روزی به اصطلاح خود آن ها «تبخیر» خواهد شد.
...
قهرمان حکایت، «وینستون سمیت» در همین وزارت حقیقت کار می کند. وظیفه اش در یکی از ادارات این وزارتخانه جعل و دوباره نویسی بخش هایی از روزنامه ها، کتاب ها، و دیگر اسناد تاریخی و بایگانی شده است که با شعارها، مصالح و ادعاهای روز حزب مغایرت پیدا کرده اند. در واقع او حقایق تاریخی را به نفع حزب تحریف می کند.
...
«جرج اورول» در آفرینش کلمات این زبان جدید ظرافتی هنرمندانه داشته است، و همین بار مسئولیت ترجمه را بسیار سنگین کرده است.
...
با این امید که هزار و نهصدو هشتاد و چهار مخوف هرگز نیاید، ترجمه این کتاب را به تمام مبارزان آزاده سرزمینم هدیه می کنم.
3. Saleh Hosseini (1982: 5):
به جای مقدمه
می خواستم مقدمه ی مفصلی در دو بخش بنویسم. بخش اول اختصاص می یافت به مشکلات ترجمه به لحاظ واژه گزینی، معادل یابی، قرینه سازی و مقایسه با ترجمه ای که قبلا از این کتاب به عمل آمده است. پای مقایسه که پیش می آمد، لا محاله بحث به کیفیت ضعف زبانی، عدم موفقیت در ایجاد فضا، در نیافتن جنبه های رمان و دیگر عواملی می کشید که ترجمه قبلی دست به گریبان آن هاست. می بینید که کار به تخطئه کردن طرف می کشید و حلوا حلوا کردن خودم. فروتنانه از خیر آن گذشتم.
بخش دوم تفسیری می بود بر دنیای تخیلی و نه توی کتاب. این تفسیر می توانست تا حدودی روشن گر باشد، اما در عوض ذهن خواننده محدود به برداشت من می شد و از تکمیل و ادامه ی آفرینش هنری در ذهن خویش محروم می ماند. از این هم گذشتم و بر آن شدم که به جای مقدمه از خود جورج اورول مطلبی بیاورم که به نوعی در ارتباط با این کتاب باشد.
Appendix 3: Back Translations of Persian Prefaces in Bahremand’s, Sazegar’s and Hosseini’s Nineteen Eighty-Four:
1. Mehdi Bahremand (1976):
Foretelling the Future:
Nineteen Eighty-Four is an exciting book which is written about the people and the surprising world that surrounds them – and this world may be possible to be formed. The unstable and the astounding world of Nineteen Eighty-Four is a world that many of us may live in.
Astounding World of Nineteen Eighty-Four:
It consists of three giant, powerful, and ruthless countries that are constantly at war. Residents of these three countries, who work more than their capacity and never get enough food, became mechanical humans with no brain and have been caught up in an environment which according to the decree of the government, love is prohibited and despite a person’s will, hate is motivated and if one’s private life, i. e. those private communications that are offensive to the ruling party, are captured by the TV (telescreen), it is punishable as a crime.
2. Zhila Sazegar (1980):
A Foreword from the Translator:
“We are the dead”. “Winston Smith” the hero in 1984, himself knows that in the grip of the ruling political party, who knows, who doubts, who asks and who rebels is certainly the dead. The sad story of “Winston Smith” is the life story of a man who is lonely and sentenced yet one who is aware and performs his duties but he does not believe in these duties and is bitter about his inability to do the right things. He swims against the desired direction of the only ruling party of his land and he knows that one day he will be “evaporated” (killed) as they call it. The hero of the story “Winston Smith” was working in the Ministry of Truth. His role in one of the departments of the ministry is manipulating and rewriting parts of newspapers, books, and other historical documents which have been archived, which is inconsistent with the party’s slogans, interests, and daily assertions. In fact, he was distorting the historical facts in favor of the party. In the creation of the words of this new language, “George Orwell” had an artistic elegance and made difficult the responsibility of translation. With the hope that the dreadful 1984 never comes, I present this translation as a gift to all my lands’ freehearted fighters.
3. Saleh Hosseini (1982):
In Place of an Introduction:
I wanted to write a detailed introduction in two sections. The first part was devoted to finding translation problems regarding lexical choices, equivalents and contrastive analysis with other translations which have been done. At the time of comparison, the discussion inevitably would go through the weakness of linguistic quality, failure in creating space, misunderstanding aspects of the novel and other factors which grapple previous translations. You might see it as discrediting previous translators and praising myself. But, I humbly glossed over the previous translations. The second part would be an interpretation of the world of imagination and not on the book. This interpretation could be somehow enlightening but, the reader would be limited by my impression and would remain deprived of completing an aesthetic creation in his/her mind. I glossed over this too and instead I tried to bring something from George Orwell himself which has a kind of relationship with the book.
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- The Translator’s Ideology: A Study of Three Persian Translations of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four
- The semantics and functions of Anglicisms and Germanisms in present-day advertising written peninsular Spanish: a comparison
- Rewritten Autobiography: W. E. B. Du Bois’ Soliloquy on Viewing My Life in the German Democratic Republic
- Examining language policy and practices on the ground: German and French in the public space of two Walloon municipalities with language facilities
- Translator Education at a Crossroads:the Impact of Automation
- Mondialisation de la littérature et littérature mondiale – Traduction d’une culture « mineure » vers une culture « centrale »
- Modalpartikeln im Deutschen als Komponenten eines modal-bewertenden Rahmens
- Terminologiedatenaustausch mit TERMDAT – Passgenaue Schnittstellen für die Terminologiedatenbank der Schweizerischen Bundeskanzlei
- Rezension
- Antonio Lillo, Terry Victor. A Dictionary of English Rhyming Slangs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2017, 1358 p.
- González-Pastor, Diana María (2017): La traducción de los textos de especialidad: una propuesta multidisciplinar. Colección IULMA Monographs Institut Universitari de Llengües Modernes Aplicades, Universitat de València: Valencia. 237 S. ISBN: 978-84-9133-118-6.
- Stolze, Radegundis und Stanley, John und Cercel, Larisa. 2015. (Hrsg.): Translational Hermeneutics. The First Symposium. Bukarest: Zeta Books. 464 Seiten. ISBN: 978-606-8266-41-1 (paperback), ISBN: 978-606-8266-42-8 (e-book).
- Erratum
- English versus Spanish Procedural Law Terminology and Phraseology: Troublesome Features for Translators
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- The Translator’s Ideology: A Study of Three Persian Translations of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four
- The semantics and functions of Anglicisms and Germanisms in present-day advertising written peninsular Spanish: a comparison
- Rewritten Autobiography: W. E. B. Du Bois’ Soliloquy on Viewing My Life in the German Democratic Republic
- Examining language policy and practices on the ground: German and French in the public space of two Walloon municipalities with language facilities
- Translator Education at a Crossroads:the Impact of Automation
- Mondialisation de la littérature et littérature mondiale – Traduction d’une culture « mineure » vers une culture « centrale »
- Modalpartikeln im Deutschen als Komponenten eines modal-bewertenden Rahmens
- Terminologiedatenaustausch mit TERMDAT – Passgenaue Schnittstellen für die Terminologiedatenbank der Schweizerischen Bundeskanzlei
- Rezension
- Antonio Lillo, Terry Victor. A Dictionary of English Rhyming Slangs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2017, 1358 p.
- González-Pastor, Diana María (2017): La traducción de los textos de especialidad: una propuesta multidisciplinar. Colección IULMA Monographs Institut Universitari de Llengües Modernes Aplicades, Universitat de València: Valencia. 237 S. ISBN: 978-84-9133-118-6.
- Stolze, Radegundis und Stanley, John und Cercel, Larisa. 2015. (Hrsg.): Translational Hermeneutics. The First Symposium. Bukarest: Zeta Books. 464 Seiten. ISBN: 978-606-8266-41-1 (paperback), ISBN: 978-606-8266-42-8 (e-book).
- Erratum
- English versus Spanish Procedural Law Terminology and Phraseology: Troublesome Features for Translators
