The clinical and biochemical presentation of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children and adolescents
-
Emel Torun
,
Habibe Genç
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the clinical and biochemical findings of the children and adolescents with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in order to determine the clinical and biochemical presentation differences between age groups.
Methods: This retrospective study included a review of medical reports of 543 patients (aged between 1–17 years) who were referred to our hospital between October 2011 and May 2012 with symptoms related to vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. The patients were divided into four groups by age: 1–3 years (Group 1), 4–6 years (Group 2), 7–11 years (Group 3) and 12–17 years (Group 4). Patients diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were evaluated as to their clinical and biochemical findings.
Results: Gender distribution were not statistically different between the four groups. The mean ages of Groups 1–4 were 1.9±0.7, 5.1±0.9, 8.9±1.3, 13.1±1.1, respectively. Major complaints on admission were muscle weakness (91%), low weight gain (failure to thrive) (89%), head deformity (frontal bossing) (35.6%), bone deformity (enlargement of wrist and ankles) (29.7%) for Group 1. Muscle weakness (76%) and low weight gain (failure to thrive) (68%) for Group 2. Leg and chest pain were the major symptoms in Group 3 (57% and 28%, respectively) and in Group 4 (26% and 55%, respectively) as well as high rates of obesity (31% and 63%). The biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency mostly appeared in the first group who developed vitamin D deficiency due to the lack of vitamin D supplementation. However, in older children, the majority of the patients had low 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD) values without evidence of biochemical findings of osteomalacia.
Conclusion: Depending on the degree of deficiency and insufficiency, and the age of the patients, the clinical and biochemical findings varied widely. Children under the age of 3 who either never received vitamin D supplementation or who had been receiving supplementation that was stopped too early were at a greater risk for developing clinically and biochemically proved vitamin D deficiency. In older children, low vitamin D levels mostly resulted in subtle complaints without abnormal biochemical findings.
Special thanks to Susan Delacroix (English Editor) for her support.
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©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
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- Masthead
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- Editorial
- Success has many fathers, failure is orphan
- Review Article
- Normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: update on the genetic background and future challenges
- Original Articles
- Temporary brittle bone disease: association with intracranial bleeding
- Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and L-arginine levels in children with glycogen storage disease type I
- Application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the diagnosis and follow-up of maple syrup urine disease in a Chinese population
- The role of uncoupling protein 2 and 3 genes polymorphism and energy expenditure in obese Indonesian children
- Thyroid dysfunctions of prematurity and their impacts on neurodevelopmental outcome1)
- Frequency of the E23K polymorphism of the KCNJ11 gene in children born small for gestational age and its influence on auxological and metabolic parameters in the prepubertal period
- Reference intervals for serum thyroid hormones in preterm hospitalized infants1)
- The clinical and biochemical presentation of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children and adolescents
- A risk score for identifying overweight adolescents with dysglycemia in primary care settings1)
- Thyroid function and morphology in overweight and obese children and adolescents in a Chinese population
- Propionic acidaemia: demographic characteristics and complicationsa
- Negative correlation between serum IL-6 level and cardiorespiratory fitness in 10- to 11-year-old boys with increased BMI
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- Novel heterozygous thyrotropin receptor mutation presenting with neonatal hyperthyrotropinaemia, mild thyroid hypoplasia and absent uptake on radioisotope scan
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