Detailed scrutiny of FWM in holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HOFA) in WDM systems

Vijaya Bhandari; Neelu Trivedi

doi:10.1515/joc-2024-0107

Article

Detailed scrutiny of FWM in holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HOFA) in WDM systems

Vijaya Bhandari and Neelu Trivedi

Published/Copyright: July 29, 2024

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From the journal Journal of Optical Communications Volume 46 Issue 3

Abstract

Four wave mixing (FWM) in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems is prominent performance degrading nonlinearity and limits the total capacity of the system. FWM is explored in different fiber optical amplifiers such as erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), Raman fiber amplifier (RFA), and also in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Reported studies in HOFA revealed that nonlinear effects in these amplifiers are low; however, in present study, in this research article WDM-HOFA system has been simulated and studied FWM in detail at different HOFA parameters such as input power, length, core radius, doping radius, numerical aperture (NA), Ho ion density, and effects of co- and counter-pumping. Gain and noise figure (NF) are also investigated at aforementioned parameters, and performance is evaluated in terms of optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at 2,030 nm wavelength window. It is observed that least FWM obtained at 3 m Ho fiber length, 2 µm core radius and doping radius, 15.6 × 10²³ m⁻³ Ho ion doping, 0.1 NA, −10 dB input power, 0.8 GHz channel spacing, and 4 WDM channels. However, better gain and NF comes at different values of these parameters, and as a result, there is trade-off between FWM and gain, NF.

Keywords: FWM; HOFA; WDM; OSNR; NF; NA

Corresponding author: Vijaya Bhandari, ECE, IFTM University, Moradabad, India, E-mail: viji27.gbpec@gmail.com

Acknowledgments

Vijaya Bhandari has performed the research work under the guidance of Dr. Neelu Trivedi.

Research ethics: Not applicable.
Author contributions: The concept building and simullation analysis was done by Vijaya Bhandari and manuscript is prepared by Dr. Neelu Trivedi.
Competing interests: There are no conflict of interests.
Research funding: No funding has been taken.
Data availability: Data is not avalilable anywhere else.

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Received: 2024-04-06

Accepted: 2024-04-30

Published Online: 2024-07-29

Published in Print: 2025-07-28

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2024-0107

Keywords for this article

FWM; HOFA; WDM; OSNR; NF; NA