Synergizing intelligent signal processing with wavelength-division multiplexing for enhanced efficiency and speed in photonic network communications
-
Riyaz Saiyyed
Abstract
The explosive growth of worldwide mobile data traffic seeks innovations in communication technology to cater to the mounting need for rapid connectivity, high-capacity connections. The mainstreaming of 5G technologies for communication is a dramatic step towards meeting the aforementioned goals, with the ability for reshaping IoT (Internet of things), D2D (device-to-Device) communications, and the smart grids. This work conveys an in-depth study of the fundamental innovations that underlie 5G, including full-duplex distribution, huge multiple-input-multiple-output, ultra-dense connections, the phenomenon of beamforming and millimeter-wave approaches. A special emphasis is focused on the integration of photonic technologies, or microwave photonics, which serves as a critical multidisciplinary study topic. Optical fibers, with their tremendous bandwidth and capacity, have been determined as the best medium for backhaul and fronthaul amenities, outpacing conventional copper cables to accommodate tiny cells and next-generation networks. The synergy between optical and wireless access technologies is analyzed with the emphasis on the central role of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for improving network efficiency and speed. The investigation additionally explores the possibility of intelligent signal processing methods combined with WDM to optimize photonic network communications. The mingling of these technologies anticipates producing unrivaled levels of performance, rupturing the path for an additional intelligent, interconnected era.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
1. Katti, R, Prince, S. A survey on role of photonic technologies in 5G communication systems. Photon Netw Commun 2019;38:185–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00856-w.Search in Google Scholar
2. Roeloffzen, C, Visscher, I, Taddei, C, Geskus, D, Oldenbeuving, R, Epping, J, et al.. Integrated microwave photonics for 5G. In: CLEO: applications and technology. California: Optical Society of America; 2018:JTh3D-2 p.10.1364/CLEO_AT.2018.JTh3D.2Search in Google Scholar
3. Zhang, N, Yang, P, Ren, J, Chen, D, Yu, L, Shen, X. Synergy of big data and 5 g wireless networks: opportunities, approaches, and challenges. IEEE Wirel Commun 2018;25:12–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.1700193.Search in Google Scholar
4. Alavi, SE, Soltanian, MR, Amiri, IS, Khalily, M, Supaat, AS, Ahmad, H. Towards 5G: a photonic based millimeter wave signal generation for applying in 5G access fronthaul. Sci Rep 2016;6:19891. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19891.Search in Google Scholar
5. Dong, B, Jia, J, Tao, L, Li, G, Li, Z, Huang, C, et al.. Photonic-based W-band integrated sensing and communication system with flexible time-frequency division multiplexed waveforms for fiber-wireless network. J Lightwave Technol 2024;42:1281–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2024.3354070.Search in Google Scholar
6. Kitayama, K-I, Hiramatsu, A, Fukui, M, Tsuritani, T, Yamanaka, N, Okamoto, S, et al.. Photonic network vision 2020 – toward smart photonic cloud. J Lightwave Technol 2014;32:2760–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2324651.Search in Google Scholar
7. Zhu, Z, Zhao, S, Li, X, Qu, K, Lin, T. Photonic generation of frequency-octupled microwave signal with reduced electrical local oscillator power and improved spectrum purity. Opt Quantum Electron 2017;49:65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-017-0907-9.Search in Google Scholar
8. Douik, A, Dahrouj, H, Al-Naffouri, TY, Alouini, MS. Hybrid radio/free-space optical design for next generation backhaul systems. IEEE Trans Commun 2016;64:2563–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2016.2557789.Search in Google Scholar
9. Zhuang, L, Roeloffzen, CG, Meijerink, A, Burla, M, Marpaung, DA, Leinse, A, et al.. Novel ring resonator-based integrated photonic beamformer for broadband phased array receive antennas – part II: experimental prototype. J Lightwave Technol 2010;28:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2009.2032137.Search in Google Scholar
10. Zhuang, L, Roeloffzen, CG, Hoekman, M, Boller, KJ, Lowery, AJ. Programmable photonic signal processor chip for radiofrequency applications. Optica 2015;2:854–9. https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.2.000854.Search in Google Scholar
11. Winzer, PJ. Scaling optical fiber networks: challenges and solutions. Opt Photon News 2015;26:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1364/opn.26.3.000028.Search in Google Scholar
12. Marpaung, D, Yao, J, Capmany, J. Integrated microwave photonics. Nature Photon 2019;13:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0310-5.Search in Google Scholar
13. Amaya, N, Yan, S, Channegowda, M, Rofoee, BR, Shu, Y, Rashidi, M, et al.. Software defined networking (SDN) over space division multiplexing (SDM) optical networks: features, benefits and experimental demonstration. Opt Express 2014;22:3638–47. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.003638.Search in Google Scholar
14. Serafino, G, Scotti, F, Lembo, L, Hussain, B, Porzi, C, Malacarne, A, et al.. Towards a new generation of radar systems based on microwave photonic technologies. J Lightwave Technol 2019;37:643–50. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2894224.Search in Google Scholar
15. Liu, C, Wang, J, Cheng, L, Zhu, M, Chang, GK. Key microwave photonics technologies for next-generation cloud based radio access networks. J Lightwave Technol 2014;32:3452–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2014.2338854.Search in Google Scholar
16. Zhu, S, Li, M, Wang, X, Zhu, NH, Li, W. Photonic generation of ultra-wideband signal by truncating a continuous wave into a pulse. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett 2018;30:1862–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2018.2870076.Search in Google Scholar
17. Wu, T, Zhang, C, Zhou, H, Huang, H, Qiu, K. Photonic microwave waveforms generation based on frequency and time-domain synthesis. IEEE Access 2018;6:34372–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2842250.Search in Google Scholar
18. Romanous, B, Bitar, N, Imran, A, Refai, H. Network densification: challenges and opportunities in enabling 5G. In: 2015 IEEE 20th international workshop on computer aided modelling and design of communication links and networks (CAMAD). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: IEEE; 2015:129–34 pp.10.1109/CAMAD.2015.7390494Search in Google Scholar
19. Bauters, JF, Heck, MJ, John, DD, Barton, JS, Bruinink, CM, Leinse, A, et al.. Planar waveguides with less than 0.1 dB/m propagation loss fabricated with wafer bonding. Opt Express 2011;19:24090–101. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.024090.Search in Google Scholar
20. Dong, B, Jia, J, Li, G, Shi, J, Wang, H, Tang, Z, et al.. Photonic-based W-band flexible TFDM integrated sensing and communication system for fiber-wireless network. Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf 2023;36(2018):4337–4336.10.1364/OFC.2023.W4J.5Search in Google Scholar
21. Sung, M, Kim, J, Cho, SH, Chung, HS, Lee, JK, Lee, JH. Experimental demonstration of bandwidth-efficient indoor distributed antenna system based on IFoF technology supporting 4G LTE-A and 5G mobile services. In: 2018 Optical fiber communications conference and exposition (OFC). San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE; 2018:1–3 pp.10.1364/OFC.2018.Tu3J.3Search in Google Scholar
22. Yoshikane, N, Cao, X, Yoshida, Y, Nishihara, M, Shiraiwa, M, Tsuritani, T, et al.. Demonstration of dynamic congestion control in optical packet switching network employing rate-adaptive transmitter and receiver. In: 2015 International conference on photonics in switching (PS). Florence, Italy: IEEE; 2015:282–4 pp.10.1109/PS.2015.7329027Search in Google Scholar
23. Yoshida, Y, Maruta, A, Kitayama, K-I, Nishihara, M, Tanaka, T, Takahara, T, et al.. SDN-based network orchestration of variable-capacity optical packet switching network over programmable flexi-grid elastic optical path network. J Lightwave Technol 2015;33:609–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2014.2351852.Search in Google Scholar
24. Alimi, I, Shahpari, A, Sousa, A, Ferreira, R, Monteiro, P, Teixeira, A. Challenges and opportunities of optical wireless communication technologies. In: Optical communication technology. London: IntechOpen; 2017.10.5772/intechopen.69113Search in Google Scholar
25. Ghassemlooy, Z, Amon, S, Uysal, M, Xu, Z, Cheng, J. Emerging optical wireless communications-advances and challenges. IEEE J Sel Area Commun 2015;33:1738–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2458511.Search in Google Scholar
26. Kaushal, H, Kaddoum, G. Optical communication in space: challenges and mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 2017;19:57–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2016.2603518.Search in Google Scholar
27. Uysal, M, Capsoni, C, Ghassemlooy, Z, Boucouvalas, A, Udvary, E. Optical wireless communications: an emerging technology. Signals and communication technology. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016.10.1007/978-3-319-30201-0Search in Google Scholar
28. Murakami, M, Kurimoto, T, Okamoto, S, Yamanaka, N, Muranaka, T. Networking experiment of domain-specific networking platform based on optically interconnected reconfigurable communication processors. IEICE Trans Commun 2023;E106.B:660. https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2022ebp3131.Search in Google Scholar
29. Katti, R, Prince, S. A survey on role of photonic technologies in 5G communication systems. Photonic Netw Commun 2019;38:185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00856-w.Search in Google Scholar
30. Huang, H, Lin, J, Wu, L, Fang, B, Sun, F. Optimal control scheme for pneumatic soft actuator under comparison of proportional and PWM-solenoid valves. Photon Netw Commun 2019;37:153–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-018-0815-3.Search in Google Scholar
31. Wang, H, Hu, J, Niu, W. RC performance analysis based on model optimization with aid of network calculus. Photon Netw Commun 2019;37(2019):253–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-018-0827-7.Search in Google Scholar
32. Su, J, Zhang, Y, Chen, M. Cover and iterative learning control for and decryption in communication secure. Photon Netw Commun 2019;37(2019):243–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-0832-4.Search in Google Scholar
33. Falconi, F, Porzi, C, Pinna, S, Sorianello, V, Serafino, G, Puleri, M, et al.. Fast and linear photonic integrated microwave phase-shifter for 5G beam-steering applications. In: 2018 Optical fiber communications conference and exposition (OFC). California: IEEE; 2018:1–3 pp.10.1364/OFC.2018.M2G.4Search in Google Scholar
34. Kela, P, Costa, M, Turkka, J, Koivisto, M, Werner, J, Hakkarainen, A, et al.. Location based beamforming in 5G ultra-dense networks. In: Vehicular technology conference (VTC-Fall), 2016 IEEE 84th. Montreal, QC, Canada: IEEE; 2016:1–7 pp.10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7881072Search in Google Scholar
35. Zou, X, Bai, W, Chen, W, Li, P, Lu, B, Yu, G, et al.. Microwave photonics for featured applications in high-speed railways: communications, detection, and Sensing. J Lightwave Technol 2018;36:4337–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2018.2813663.Search in Google Scholar
36. Zhang, JA, Liu, F, Masouros, C, Heath, RW, Feng, Z, Zheng, L, et al.. An overview of signal processing techniques for joint communication and radar sensing. IEEE J Sel Topics Signal Process. 2021;15:1295–315. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3113120.Search in Google Scholar
37. Dong, B, Jia, J, Li, G, Shi, J, Wang, H, Zhang, J, et al.. Demonstration of photonics-based flexible integration of sensing and communication with adaptive waveforms for a W-band fiber-wireless integrated network. Opt Expess 2022;30:40936–50. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.472693.Search in Google Scholar
38. Tsokos, C, Groumas, P, Katopodis, V, Avramopoulos, H, Kouloumentas, C. Enabling photonic integration technology for microwave photonics in 5G systems. In: 2017 19th International conference on transparent optical networks (ICTON). Girona, Spain: IEEE; 2017:1–4 pp.10.1109/ICTON.2017.8024906Search in Google Scholar
39. Ranaweera, C, Wong, E, Nirmalathas, A, Jayasundara, C, Lim, C. 5G C-RAN architecture: a comparison of multiple optical fronthaul networks. In: 2017 International conference on optical network design and modeling (ONDM). Budapest, Hungary: IEEE; 2017:1–6 pp.10.23919/ONDM.2017.7958544Search in Google Scholar
40. Le, B, Tao, TW. Integration of group IV photonic components and other integrated optics and impacts on 5G optical networking. In: 2015 IEEE 12th international conference on group IV photonics (GFP). Vancouver, BC, Canada: IEEE; 2015:108–9 pp.10.1109/Group4.2015.7305973Search in Google Scholar
41. Matsko, A. Advances in the development of spectrally pure microwave photonic synthesizers. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2019;31:1882–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2947901.Search in Google Scholar
42. Bai, W, Zou, X, Li, P, Ye, J, Yang, Y, Yan, L, et al.. Photonic millimeter-wave joint radar communication system using spectrum-spreading phase-coding. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Technol 2022;70:1552–61. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2021.3138069.Search in Google Scholar
43. Sturm, C, Wiesbeck, W. Waveform design and signal processing aspects for fusion of wireless communications and radar sensing. Proc IEEE 2011;99:1236–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2011.2131110.Search in Google Scholar
44. Nie, H, Zhang, F, Yang, Y, Pan, S. Photonics-based integrated communication and radar system. In: Proc. Int. Topical Meeting Microw. Photon. Ottawa, ON, Canada: IEEE; 2019:1–4 pp.10.1109/MWP.2019.8892218Search in Google Scholar
45. Lei, M, Zhu, M, Hua, B, Zhang, J, Cai, Y, Zou, Y, et al.. A spectrum-efficient MoF architecture for joint sens ing and communication in B5G based on polarization interleaving and polarization-insensitive filtering. J Lightwave Technol 2022;40:6701–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2022.3181608.Search in Google Scholar
46. Ryf, R, Randel, S, Montoliu, NK, Burrows, E, Corteselli, S, Chandrasekhar, S, et al. 32-bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency WDM transmission over 177-km few-mode fiber. Presented at the opt. fiber commun. conf. expo. Anaheim, CA, USA; 2013. Paper PDP5A.1.10.1364/OFC.2013.PDP5A.1Search in Google Scholar
47. Arakawa, Y, Nakamura, T, Urino, Y, Fujita, T. Silicon photonics for next generation system integration platform. IEEE Commun Mag 2013;51:72–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2013.6476868.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Amplifiers
- Detailed scrutiny of FWM in holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HOFA) in WDM systems
- A double clad ASE Re-injected hybrid TDFA and HDFA amplifier with ±1.44 dB GF
- Detectors
- Performance parameters estimation of high speed Silicon/Germanium/InGaAsP avalanche photodiodes wide bandwidth capability in ultra high speed optical communication system
- Devices
- Performance study of microwave photonic links by considering the effect of phase shifters and bias conditions on dual-drive dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator
- Fibers
- High birefringence low loss nearly zero flat dispersion similar to slotted core photonic crystal fibers
- Comparative analysis of high index core micro structured optical fibers (HIMSOF) and hollow core band gap fibers (HCBGF) performance efficiency in fiber communication system
- Management of lateral misalignment loss and total insertion loss with beam waist control in high contrast single mode coupling fibers
- Networks
- Enabling ultra-high bit rate transmission with CFBG as dispersion compensator in an OptiSpan 240 km DWDM network
- Performance and energy efficiency enhancement of existing optical communication systems by incorporating resource allocation on demand technique in FiWi networks
- A fiber-wireless integration approach in WDM-PON architecture, boosted with polarization multiplexing and optical frequency comb source
- Optimizing Fi-Wi network performance through advanced multiplexing techniques: a comparative analysis for enhanced quality metrics
- Synergizing intelligent signal processing with wavelength-division multiplexing for enhanced efficiency and speed in photonic network communications
- Systems
- Simulation design for Ro-FSO communications system by digital modulation schemes
- Implementing green optical waveform system using hybrid cognitive methods for QAM transmission scheme
- MZM–SOA based RoF system for 30-tuple millimeter-wave generation
- Hybrid optical-electronic compensation of fiber nonlinearity for long-haul coherent optical transmission
- High speed operation efficiency of doped light sources with the silica-doped fiber channel for extended optical fiber system reach
- Relative intensity noise management and thermal/shot noise control for high speed ultra high bandwidth fiber reach transmission performance
- Simulative analysis of carrier suppressed return to zero based symmetrical compensated optical link
- A combination of DST precoder and ICF based-methods for PAPR suppression in OFDM signal
- Evaluating the effectiveness of various diversity and combining techniques on an RF-FSO link
- Comparative study of DCT-and DHT-based OFDM systems over doubly dispersive fading channels
- Design and performance of WDM system for high-speed optical communication on different modulation formats
- Transmission of data rate by radio over free space optical communications system under turbulence conditions
- Implementation of companding scheme for performance enhancement of optical OFDM structure
- Theory
- High thermal stability and high-performance efficiency capability of light sources–based rate equation models in optical fiber transmission systems
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Amplifiers
- Detailed scrutiny of FWM in holmium-doped fiber amplifier (HOFA) in WDM systems
- A double clad ASE Re-injected hybrid TDFA and HDFA amplifier with ±1.44 dB GF
- Detectors
- Performance parameters estimation of high speed Silicon/Germanium/InGaAsP avalanche photodiodes wide bandwidth capability in ultra high speed optical communication system
- Devices
- Performance study of microwave photonic links by considering the effect of phase shifters and bias conditions on dual-drive dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator
- Fibers
- High birefringence low loss nearly zero flat dispersion similar to slotted core photonic crystal fibers
- Comparative analysis of high index core micro structured optical fibers (HIMSOF) and hollow core band gap fibers (HCBGF) performance efficiency in fiber communication system
- Management of lateral misalignment loss and total insertion loss with beam waist control in high contrast single mode coupling fibers
- Networks
- Enabling ultra-high bit rate transmission with CFBG as dispersion compensator in an OptiSpan 240 km DWDM network
- Performance and energy efficiency enhancement of existing optical communication systems by incorporating resource allocation on demand technique in FiWi networks
- A fiber-wireless integration approach in WDM-PON architecture, boosted with polarization multiplexing and optical frequency comb source
- Optimizing Fi-Wi network performance through advanced multiplexing techniques: a comparative analysis for enhanced quality metrics
- Synergizing intelligent signal processing with wavelength-division multiplexing for enhanced efficiency and speed in photonic network communications
- Systems
- Simulation design for Ro-FSO communications system by digital modulation schemes
- Implementing green optical waveform system using hybrid cognitive methods for QAM transmission scheme
- MZM–SOA based RoF system for 30-tuple millimeter-wave generation
- Hybrid optical-electronic compensation of fiber nonlinearity for long-haul coherent optical transmission
- High speed operation efficiency of doped light sources with the silica-doped fiber channel for extended optical fiber system reach
- Relative intensity noise management and thermal/shot noise control for high speed ultra high bandwidth fiber reach transmission performance
- Simulative analysis of carrier suppressed return to zero based symmetrical compensated optical link
- A combination of DST precoder and ICF based-methods for PAPR suppression in OFDM signal
- Evaluating the effectiveness of various diversity and combining techniques on an RF-FSO link
- Comparative study of DCT-and DHT-based OFDM systems over doubly dispersive fading channels
- Design and performance of WDM system for high-speed optical communication on different modulation formats
- Transmission of data rate by radio over free space optical communications system under turbulence conditions
- Implementation of companding scheme for performance enhancement of optical OFDM structure
- Theory
- High thermal stability and high-performance efficiency capability of light sources–based rate equation models in optical fiber transmission systems