Alteration of physicochemical properties of tap water passing through different intensities of magnetic field

Saba I. Jawad; Mahdi Karkush; Victor N. Kaliakin

doi:10.1515/jmbm-2022-0246

Article Open Access

Alteration of physicochemical properties of tap water passing through different intensities of magnetic field

Saba I. Jawad , Mahdi Karkush and Victor N. Kaliakin

Published/Copyright: March 7, 2023

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From the journal Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Volume 32 Issue 1

Abstract

This study reports the effect of the magnetization process on the chemical and electrical properties of tap water (TW). Also, a step in the direction of gaining a better understanding of the influence of magnetizing technique on the physicochemical properties of water exposed to several intensities of magnetic field (MF). The TW sample used in this study passed through four intensities of the MF (2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 G) under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Magnetized water was tested and evaluated for physical and chemical qualities after being cycled through a magnetization device for 6 h. Following the increase in the intensities of the MF, the alteration in water properties has been depicted. The results showed increase in the pH value, electrical conductivity, and some of the chemical properties. The optimum change in the properties of water were obtained when the intensity of MF reached 8,000 G. However, to assess the obtained modification of water quality from the magnetization process, the results are compared with the guideline standards of the World Health Organization. To reduce the treatment costs and increase the long-term viability of the process, the study findings suggested a strategy of water magnetization as an effective treatment technology with reduction in energy and material usage (green technology).

Keywords: magnetic field; water treatment; pH-value; electrical conductivity; chemical properties

1 Introduction

The globe focusses on a developing water crisis brought on partly by the exponential rise in global population, climate variability, and the limited availability of freshwater [1]. Many researchers have tried to report the physicochemical changes in water properties for several decades [2,3,4,5]. Water’s biochemical characteristics, like respiration rate, are altered as it passes through a magnetic field (MF). This alteration impacts an organism's entire metabolic system. In addition, questions have been expressed about the safety of potable water supplies attributed to the combination of undesirable substances such as disinfection byproducts and developing pollutants in the water supply [6,7]. Traditionally, chemical additives have been used in wastewater remediation to modify water components’ chemistry and/or behavior. There are several negative impacts of using chemicals such as expense, undesirable byproduct production, and an essential part of managing health for operators. Water management stakeholders are consequently interested in developing techniques that might complement or eliminate the requirement for added ingredients. Emerging technologies that use MFs to modify the characteristics of materials, such as water, are fascinating and might transform how water is handled in the long term.

Electromagnetic waves have been proven to influence the proton concentration (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and its contents. According to Holysz et al. [8], MFs can increase water conductivity and reduce water surface tension. The ability of MF to accelerate the degradation of organic substances in pulp and paper wastewater was studied by Liu et al. [9]. Several previous studies used a combination of MF and iron-based treatment. Based on the results of these studies, when the MF intensity ranged from 0 to 900 Tesla, the wastewater pH values increased to a peak and then decreased [10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. These findings are often attributed as a result of changes in the strength or quantity of hydrogen bonds. Cai et al. [17] suggested a rise in the water clusters’ average size after exposure to magnetic treatment. Wang et al. [18] studied the properties and behavior of the cement paste and the mortar mixed with magnetized water. The magnetized water treatment had a positive impact on the compressive strength, pore size distribution, and the strength of concrete. Su et al. [19] examined the compressive strength of the mortar and concrete mixed with magnetized water and contained coarse blast furnace slag. The results showed an improvement in the compressive strength of mortar and concrete. Also, magnetic water plays a positive role in improving the fluidity of the mortar test, the slump test, and the degree of hydration of concrete. The influence of magnetic water on the characteristics of concrete was described in a previous study [20], it is found that the compressive and tensile strengths raised by 55 and 18%, respectively, when using magnetized water, as well as the flexural strength of concrete mixed with magnetized water was raised by 25%.

Additionally, in soil mechanics, researchers Ashrafi et al. [21] decreased potassium concentration to decrease the dispersion of particles in the soil mass using several intensities of MFs technology. Also, treating a soil column with magnetized water significantly accelerated leaching and reduced the concentrations of chloride and other salts in the soil and sodium ions [22]. MF’s influence on the water remains a contentious subject, and the procedure of MF treatment is not clear. Additionally, a few works focused on how far the time duration of the changing properties will remain after the end of exposure to the MF. The influence of magnetized potable water passing from MFs of different strengths (500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 G) on expansive soil’s chemical and swelling properties has been investigated. The magnetized water mitigates the expansion potential of soil. The free swelling of the soil was reduced from 33.7 to 25.4%, and the uplift movement of soil was reduced from 21.66 to 14.25 mm. Also, soil’s unconfined compressive strength was increased by increasing the strength of magnetized water [23].

This study explores the impacts of circulating tap water (TW) in certain MF of different intensities, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 G on the physicochemical properties of water and EC. The TW used in this experimental work had specific properties. Additionally, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines [24] will be adopted to compare the adjusted values of water properties to indicate the diversion between the physicochemical properties of treated water and WHO specifications.

2 Applications of magnetized water

Many sciences and industrial applications could implement magnetized water as one of the developing green technologies for improving/altering some of the material properties as the water properties change during the magnetizing process. Water-related sectors might benefit from these modifications, as magnetization affects qualities including pH value, surface tension, electrical resistance, viscosity, and the prevention of scale development. Magnetized water is also employed as injecting liquid in the oil production zones [25]. The consequent subsections show a detailed review of the related operations and purposes of using water magnetization in the treatment of water and wastewater.

2.1 Water and wastewater treatment

Depending on the water source, treated water may be divided into household, natural, and wastewater. Program of action for recycling, treatment, and final disposal depend on the water quality. There are several factors to consider when it comes to water purification. Catalysis, adsorbent, biotech, and membrane processing are some of the methods for treatment that may be used. In particle separation, the high gradient magnetic separator is a regularly employed method [26,27,28,29]. For example, applying an electromagnetic field throughout a column of water will form a magnetic gradient anywhere along the column, which will inspire magnetized particles to their substrates and aid in their trapping. The magnetic gradient, grain size, and possibly physical properties will determine the gathering of particles. The MF has also been employed in wastewater treatment operations for various purposes. Colors, heavy metals, suspended particles and turbidity, organic substances, and hazardous chemicals have been removed using the MF treatment [18,30,31]. The magnetic sorption process of a wastewater treatment plant was tested at three separate sampling locations. It is found that magnetite particles generally behaved quite well in terms of detergent elimination and decrease, whereas phosphates, total nitrogen, as well as the bulk of heavy metals were cleared to varying degrees [32].

2.2 Engineering material purposes

The strength of the structures depends on the structure and the microstructure associated with engineering material and the flaws of these materials. Therefore, the improvement in the properties and behavior of these materials (e.g., concrete components, soil fractures) using magnetized water has a great impact. Regardless of the common costly methods and avoiding chemical additives, which have side effects on the environment, the treatment by magnetic field considered environment friendly technique can be used in alteration the physical and chemical properties of water. The utilization of the MF in the concrete improvement as mixing water has been examined efficiently to enhance the compressive strength, workability, and possible reduction in the cement. This leads to the talented potential of using magnetized water to enhance the performance of concrete [19,20,27,33,34].

In the discipline of geotechnical engineering, soil improvement and remediation are regarded to be among the essential areas of study. Usage of magnetized water, which flows across the weakened or polluted soils, aids in forming linkages between soil particles. These connections are very dependent on the quantity of calcite that has precipitated in the pores of the soil and the capacity of the calcite to extract pollutants from the soil. The consequence of magnetically treated water on soil has been investigated using a variety of magnetizing strengths on the dispersion of soil particles in soil mass as well as the rise of calcium, sodium, and magnesium concentrations [21]. Additionally, the leaching capacity has also been studied with soil columns. The observations depict the increase in the leaching when using the magnetized water as it can influence the salt distribution in unsaturated soil column causing reduction in some ions in the soil column such as chloride, sulfate, and sodium [22].

3 System methodology

The water type used in this study is TW from a local supply project (Iraq, Diyala, Baaquba as shown in Figure 1). The preparation of the magnetization system was locally collected and customized to achieve the purpose of circulating water through the magnetizing devices. A more influential factor has been taken into consideration, which involves a variation in the MF intensities. The system is based on fluctuations in water’s electrical and physicochemical properties, the magnitude of whose intensification and stability is primarily determined by the period and intensity of magnetization.

Figure 1

Location of the study area.

The equipment of magnetizing system consisted basically of varying strong magnate rocks, which give the required intensity for each experiment. The system also consists of a container made up of PVC material with a submersible pump of 25 W, head 1.8 m, flow rate 1,000 L/h, and AC220 V/50 Hz located inside the container. The magnetic devices were placed in a way that provided the easy route for circulation of water through the container passing the field of magnate with a plastic pipe of 12 mm diameter through each intensity. The container is filled with TW and circulates in the MF, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Special plastic pipes were connected to the ends of the magnetic system to connect in one direction to the pumping device and from the other direction to a water container to facilitate water circulation through the MF device. Diverse structures and their phase changes are frequently responsible for this type of intensification. The water circulation continued for 6 h for each intensity (2,000–8,000 G). Changing the physicochemical characteristics of water is the basis for using magnetic processing in water system design and operation. Minor adjustments in attributes can be amplified and stabilized with the aid of intermediary processes that affect these alterations several times such as magnetic tension. The diverse structures of salts and their phase changes are frequently responsible for this type of intensification. Table 1 shows chemical and electrical properties of TW before and after treatment by magnetization.

Figure 2

Experimental system of MF setups.

Figure 3

Schematic diagram of the MF system.

Table 1

Water testing methods and requirements (quality tests of TW)

Test item	Standardization of tests	TW value
Electrical conductivity, EC	ASTM D1125	507 μS/cm
Total dissolved solids, TDS	ASTM D5907	278.8 mg/L
pH value	ASTM D1293	7.2
Chloride, Cl¹⁻	ASTM D512	50 mg/L
Potassium, K⁺	ASTM D4192	3.6 mg/L
Sodium, Na⁺	ASTM D4191	21 mg/L
Calcium, Ca²⁺	ASTM D511	78 mg/L
Total alkaline, ALK	ASTM D1067	70 mg/L
Sulfate, SO₄ ²⁻	ASTM D516	191 mg/L
Magnesium, Mg²⁺	ASTM D511	30 mg/L

4 Results and discussion

The main factors affecting the process of magnetizing water are the intensity or strength of the MF, which depends on the strength of the magnate rocks and the time of the circulation, the carbonate, and the focus of hydrogen ions in the water. Consequently, to check the impacts of magnetization on TW properties, four samples were collected for each intensity in addition to one for the reference sample (i.e., original TW) to examine the improvement rate intensity in the water. Moreover, to properly monitor the TW quality in Diyala, the whole changes in the properties of water were compared with WHO, which specified the values of upper and accepted limits of materials concentration as given in Table 2 and judged the quality of tap water mentioned in Table 1.

Table 2

Standard specifications for water type according to WHO [24]

Test	Upper limits	Accepted limits
ALK	200	125–200
TDS	1,500–500	1,000
pH	Less than 9.5	6.5–8.5
Cl¹⁻	600	200
Ca²⁺	75	50
Mg²⁺	150	30
EC	1,250	600
Na¹⁺	200	20
K¹⁺	—	10
SO 4 2 −	200	10–50

4.1 Results of pH value

The activity of hydrogen ions in water is measured using the pH scale, and the result is presented as the reciprocal of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion’s activities. Since the pH value is normally between 0 and 14, the rate at which moles per liter of hydrogen are absorbed will show the pH value. Generally, water with a pH value less than 7 is acidic, whereas water with a pH value higher than 7 is basic. Concepts were developed and tested experimentally to define how the MF’s intensity alter water proton density. Irrespective of velocity, water samples were analyzed, and it is observed that MF has affected the pH value of TW. Once the process of magnetization starts, the molecular system of water is changed after several hours of exposure to MF which resulted in the alteration of the total conformation energy of the system. As shown in Figure 4, the observed changes in proton concentration value of TW increases with the increment in MF intensity, reaching 17.22% as the water is exposed to MF of intensity of 8,000 G. The assessment of the alteration of pH value was based on the energy E(B) introduced by the MF into the water which was calculated according to the following equation [35]:

(1) E ( B ) = − S o 2 2 ∑ ij J ij − g μ B BNS ,

where B is the strength of the MF; S ₀ is the uniform angular momentum, or spin, through the system at constant temperature; J _ij is the exchange coefficient for each solute in water; g is the dimensionless magnetic moment; μ _B is the permeability of the permanent neodymium magnets; S is the total momentum of substances moving through the MF; and N is the number of lattice sites.

Figure 4

Variation in pH value of water treated with different magnetic intensities.

Previous studies showed that the structure of the hydration shell around the specific ions was altered due to presence of MF [8]. As well, the variances in how this structure was altered have also been seen to be a function of whether the ion is characterized as a water structure ordering or disordering ion, i.e., pH changes attributed to magnetically induced changes in the ionization constant of mater [36].

4.2 Results of cation and anion contents

The important issues in water analysis are the concentrations of some positive and negative ions like magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca). Having an atomic number of 12, magnesium is a bright gray, solid chemical element. There was a 56% drop in Mg content in water. Alkaline potassium has an atomic number of 19, making it soft and silvery-white in color. Cations may readily be formed from potassium since it has just one valence electron in the outer electron shell. Hydrogen may be burned off using heat generated by oxidation of potassium in air and strong reactions with water [37]. At the maximum intensity (8,000 G), the value of K was reduced by 38.9%. Na is an alkaline metal with a silver-white appearance and a strong reactivity. With an atomic number of 11 and one electron in its outer shell, sodium possesses one electron. When this electron is given away, it quickly transforms into Na ions. The sodium metal is synthesized chemically from chemicals and is not found naturally. Sodalite, feldspar, mica, and rock salts contain sodium in significant amounts, among other silicate minerals. Water readily dissolves sodium salts. In 8,000 G, the Na concentration increases from 21 mg/L in TW to 59 mg/L in treated water.

Furthermore, the chloride concentration was evaluated during treatment, which is anion generated when the chlorine component obtains an electron, also it can be formed when the hydrogen chloride is mixed with water and perhaps other soluble compounds. Sodium chloride, for example, is a chloride salt dissolves readily throughout the water. During the circulation of water through MF for each intensity, the chloride concentrations increased accordingly by 36% at the intensity of 8,000 G as depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 5

Variation in SO₄, anions, and cations with the increase in MF intensity.

The pH virtually rises, and calcium ion density decreases as the strength of the MF increases. Due to the increase in the condensation of CaCO₃, the calcium concentration will be significantly reduced. The electrical double layer at the charged surface of particles helps explain the MF’s ability to restrict crystal particle development [38]. Increasing the intensity of the MF results in a decrease in the calcium level by 24.1% when the MF intensity increased from 2,000 to 8,000 G. There is essentially no natural water that does not include some kind of sulfate anion (SO₄). In the presence of shales and industrial wastewater, the oxidation of sulfite ores yields sulfate compounds. The sulfate is believed to be one of rainfall’s most prevalent dissolved salts. However, sulfate salts and acid derivatives of sulfate are commonly found in industrial applications. When the MF intensity increased to 8,000 G, the concentration of SO₄ decreased by 22.77%.

4.3 TDS results

Inorganic and organic components that have been dissolved in a liquid are counted as part of TDS. Calcium and magnesium are two components of the TDS. TDS also includes bicarbonates, iron, and other materials such as potassium, sodium, chlorides, sulfates, and lead. In water, the most prevalent sources of TDS originate from the weathering as well as eroding of stones. Because several minerals are soluble in water, significant concentrations can build up over time when the precipitation and evaporate cycle is repeated again and again. Surface runoff, decomposing organisms, and effluent through urban and industrial sources are all natural and synthetic materials contributing to TDS. As the MF intensity increased to 8,000 G, the percentage of TDS increased by 21.32% as seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6

Variation in TDS with the increase in MF intensity.

4.4 EC results

It is well known that resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity. In other words, EC is a measure of a material’s capacity to move electrical current. The concentration of ions determines the EC, and the precipitation of silicate alters that concentration. After each magnetizing process, samples of magnetized water were collected and stored in a plastic container and analyzed immediately for the EC test. As the intensity of the MF increased from 2,000 to 8,000 G, the EC increased reaching a maximum value of 615 μS/cm. The content of ions in the water is considered to be an influencing factor on the EC (e.g., increasing Ca content). Figure 7 shows the variation in EC with the increase in the value of MF intensity.

Figure 7

Variation in EC with the increase in MF intensity.

The EC values depend on the size of the hydrated cations and anions in the water solution; therefore, the EC is inversely proportion to the salt concentration in water and when the hydration shell is weakened by exposing to the MF, the conductivity of a solution is increased. The observation showed that the effect of magnetizing process has persisted up to 30 min even after the MF devices has been removed. Increasing the value of EC, assuming constant conditions, depends on some factors like the type of water, the salt content, and also the structure of water molecules. The alteration in EC was attributed to the thickness of the water layers (i.e., hydration shell, around a given ion in solution) [39,40].

5 Conclusion

The common findings of this research focus on the effects of MFs of varying intensities on chemical and electrical characteristics of TW and the following points can be drawn:

Following the application of magnetic therapy, the pH, EC, and TDS of water all raised with the increase in the strength of the MF. After analysis of the selected water type, the results showed that when water passes through MF with increasing magnetization intensity, the properties will vary according to the magnitude of intensity.
TW with known properties from a prior examination exposed to different MF intensities has increasing pH, EC, and TDS values. Increment in pH following raise in the MF intensity indicates an increase in the alkalinity value.
For water treated with 8,000 G magnetic intensity, the nucleation of alkaline content increased which prevents the formation of calcium and sulfate crystals in water.
The concentrations of certain positive and negative ions, such as Na and Cl were increased, while the concentrations of Mg, K, Ca, and SO₄ ions were reduced.
The chemical properties of water treated by magnetic fields can be modified to reach the acceptable limits of WHO. The suggested green technique, water magnetization, can be used in water treatment without using additives and with more efficient and environment friendly.
The calcium concentration recorded a lower amount after the magnetization process, and this is acceptable and allowed to be used according to the Iraq and international standards.

Funding information: The authors state that no funding is involved.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-04-08

Revised: 2022-07-23

Accepted: 2022-07-30

Published Online: 2023-03-07

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0246

Keywords for this article

magnetic field; water treatment; pH-value; electrical conductivity; chemical properties

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