Home Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser: New meta-heuristic algorithm
Article Open Access

Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser: New meta-heuristic algorithm

  • Ahmad Salim EMAIL logo , Wisam K. Jummar , Farah Maath Jasim and Mohammed Yousif
Published/Copyright: March 4, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Journal of Intelligent Systems
From the journal Journal of Intelligent Systems Volume 31 Issue 1

Abstract

Modern optimisation is increasingly relying on meta-heuristic methods. This study presents a new meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm called Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser (EOO). The EOO algorithm mimics food behaviour of Eurasian oystercatcher (EO) in searching for mussels. In EOO, each bird (solution) in the population acts as a search agent. The EO changes the candidate mussel according to the best solutions to finally eat the best mussel (optimal result). A balance must be achieved among the size, calories, and energy of mussels. The proposed algorithm is benchmarked on 58 test functions of three phases (unimodal, multimodal, and fixed-diminution multimodal) and compared with several important algorithms as follows: particle swarm optimiser, grey wolf optimiser, biogeography based optimisation, gravitational search algorithm, and artificial bee colony. Finally, the results of the test functions prove that the proposed algorithm is able to provide very competitive results in terms of improved exploration and exploitation balances and local optima avoidance.

Keywords: meta-heuristic; optimisation; Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser; Eurasian oystercatcher

1 Introduction

Optimisation may be used anywhere, as engineering design or industrial design, planning different activities, etc. Optimisation is the process of selecting the best solution for a particular problem with a large number of alternatives. Using optimisation techniques as meta-heuristics is the best option to solve multi-solutions problems in an intelligent way [1].

Meta-heuristic methods have higher level than heuristic search techniques and are used in complex research areas to search for suitable solutions to problems that do not have specific solutions. These methods strike a balance between a suitable solution and its search time. The appropriate solution is selected from a group of solutions during several cycles by applying certain rules or criteria. In any optimisation method, exploration and exploitation are the two common features used to solve the problem. Exploration is the stage of searching for solutions within the search space by expanding this field to unexplored areas, and exploitation focuses on search areas that may contain solutions close to optimal solutions [1]. Meta-heuristic algorithms have recently spread and used to solve many problems in different disciplines due to their flexibility and simplicity. The simplicity of their concepts greatly contributes to their spread. Furthermore, meta-heuristics can also be classified according to the number of solutions used at the same time, which is a single solution or population-based [2]. This research article focuses on population-based.

Generally, meta-heuristics algorithms can be classified into three main categories: the first category is observing the behaviour of animals (nature-inspired), the second category is observing the physical phenomena of materials, and the last category is the concept of natural evolution [3].

Natural animal behaviour is simulated by observing and analyzing their social behaviour, which is considered meta-heuristics based on population, such as in particle swarm optimisation (PSO) proposed by Kennedy and Eberhart [4]. Bird flow is the inspiration for this algorithm. An artificial bee colony (ABC) developed by Basturk [5] was based on bacterial foraging for distributed optimisation [6]. One of the most famous algorithms in this field is the ant colony optimisation proposed by Dorigo et al. [7], which is inspired by the method that ants use in searching for food and confirming the shortest paths that lead them to this food by using the pheromone that is secreted every time this path is used. Proposed by Mirjalili et al. [8], grey wolf optimiser (GWO) is another technique that simulates the social behaviour of living things by mimicking the hunting process of grey wolves, which is characterised by group hunting where the group members surround and continually move around the prey from all directions. In addition to the whale optimisation algorithm inspired by the social humpback whales behaviour and proposed by Mirjalili and Lewis [9], the crow swarm optimisation algorithm mimics the behaviour of American crow [10]. Majhi and Biswal presented another example of algorithms that simulate animal behaviour, in which an ant lion optimiser-based algorithm was rolled out alongside K-means. This technique has been verified after testing with eight datasets. Many other nature-inspired algorithms have been developed, such as marine predators algorithm [11], the ant lion optimiser [12], red deer algorithm [13], and doctor and patient optimisation algorithm [14]. These studies demonstrate how to learn from the behaviour of wild animals or insects and transform their behaviour into algorithms that may be used to solve many complex problems.

Observing physical rules is the second type of meta-heuristic search, in which algorithms are inspired by simulating these rules. The most famous among the many algorithms in this field are as follows: simulated annealing [15], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [16], black hole [17], and ray optimisation [18]. Many other methods are also inspired by the same pattern.

The last type of meta-heuristics is inspired by the concept of evolution in nature. In 1992, Holland introduced a technique called genetic algorithm, one of the most important algorithms in this field [19]. This algorithm simulates Darwin’s theory of evolution. In this method, a random group is created and developed through the generations by selecting the best individuals or solutions in this generation and merging them to form a new generation with better qualities than the previous one. The improvement process may continue for several generations. Many algorithms follow this approach, such as biogeography-based optimiser (BBO) [20], genetic programming [21], and evolutionary programming [22].

However, meta-heuristic optimisations until now are considered an open challenge. Thus, needing the meta-heuristic algorithm is an interesting topic. The meta-heuristic algorithm is used to discover the best solution over a set of candidate solutions to solve any optimisation problem by determining the minimum or maximum objective functions for a specific problem such as travel salesmen, train scheduling, timetabling, and shape optimisation.

This study proposes a new meta-heuristic nature-inspired algorithm called Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser (EOO) inspired by the food behaviour of Eurasian oystercatcher (EO) in searching for mussels. Oyster hunter optimisation, one of the algorithms of swarm, was devised based on the hypothesis of caloric maximisation developed by Meire and Ervynck [23]. The behaviour of the oystercatchers and its feeding style are observed. A balance among calories gained, lost time, and energy consumed is a criterion for finding an appropriate solution. The main contributions can be summarised as follows: propose a new meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm inspired by the food behaviour of EO and compare the proposed algorithm with other well-known meta-heuristics optimisation algorithms. The main advantages of the proposed EOO algorithm are giving a proper balance between exploration and exploitation and preventing a local minimum problem. Moreover, it is simple, unique, fast, and unbiased.

The remainder of this article is arranged as follows. Section 2 illustrates the inspiration process and mathematical model of the EOO algorithm. Section 3 discusses the experiment results. Section 4 describes the comparison of the proposed EOO algorithm with the most well-known meta-heuristic algorithms. Finally, Section 5 concludes the article with future works.

2 EOO

EOO is a nature-inspired optimisation algorithm. In this section, the inspiration process of the algorithm will be described. Moreover, the mathematical model will be explained.

2.1 Inspiration

Meire and Ervynck [23] determined the value of gain from different sizes of prey by measuring the time required to open the mussels, the energy the bird consumed in this process, and the calories it would get from this hunting. Mussels with a length of 50 mm or more provide greater amounts of calories for every minute wasted in the opening of the shells but require more time and energy to open their shell through stabbing compared with prey of smaller sizes. From the above assumptions of the model, the eater of mussels would focus on eating large sizes of prey. However, the bird does not prefer large mussels. This contradiction between reality and assumption was explained as follows [23,24]:

The first assumption is that the average profitability from large prey is less than the maximum benefit because some mussels have extremely strong shells that cannot be opened. When calculating the profitability obtained from the prey, a defect in this step was found because the researchers did not focus on the mussels that the bird was able to open. Mussel catchers sometimes choose large prey that they cannot open even with the utmost effort. The time lost in dealing with large, albeit, breakable prey reduces the average benefit of these mussels. If this factor is considered, then a new prediction model will emerge; that is, the mussel catchers’ focus should be on the preys with 50 mm length rather than those of a very large size. However, mussel catchers tend to prefer prey with a size between 30 and 45 mm. Therefore, they waste time on the huge, unbreakable mussels, leading to failure in explaining the food selection behaviour of the mussel catchers [23].

The other hypothesis indicates that a layer of barnacles covers the surface of large mussels. Hence, the opening of the shell is almost impossible, and this type of prey is not preferred by the mussel catchers. This hypothesis is supported by observing the mussel catchers while eating. This bird does not eat mussels covered with barnacles even though they contain many calories. The amount of barnacle covering the mussels increases potentially with their size, thus rendering them unbreakable and therefore not a preferred option. If the time for opening the mussels is considered in the mathematical model, in addition to the time lost in unsuccessful attempts to open some prey and the range of sizes suitable for predation, then the mussel catchers must focus on the prey size in the range of 30–45 mm. Thus, the researchers were able to demonstrate that the mussel catchers eat almost perfectly according to scientific explanations and assumptions [23,24].

2.2 Mathematical model

This section presents the mathematical model of search and the appropriate mussel selected by EO. The main aim of EO is to balance their energy and the calories obtained from the mussels. Energy and calories are directly related to the size of mussels. When the mussels’ length increases, the calories and the time required for opening also increase. Thus, high energy is required from EO waste. Equations (1) and (2) represent the behaviour of EO in the search process.

(1) Y = T + E + L ⁎ r ⁎ ( X best − X i − 1 ) ,

(2) X i = X i − 1 ⁎ C ,

where Y represents the final energy of EO in each solution (iteration), X i is a position of candidate mussel, L indicates the length of the mussel and is a random value ranging from 3 to 5 that represents the range of optimal length of the T is the time required to open the current mussel (solution), and its value relies on L according to equation (3). The numbers (3 and 5) have been used in equation (3) based on the size of the appropriate mussel, which was mentioned in the inspiration section. E is the EO’s energy at the current time, which is obtained from equation (4) and rely on the iteration’s value because the EO’s value decreases every time. r is a random value between 0 and 1 to give more randomness and discover new places in the search area. C in the equation (2) represents the caloric value, which is obtained from the equation (5) and depends on the length of the mussel.

(3) T = L − 3 5 − 3 ⁎ 10 − 5 ,

(4) E = i − 1 n − 1 − 0.5 , where i > 1 ,

(5) C = L − 3 5 − 3 ⁎ 2 + 0.6 .

Equation (3) presents the value between (5) and (−5) and value that result from the equation (5) in the range from 0.6 to 0.8. These values were selected based on trial and testing. It is important to mention that if the time is negative, this means that the time required to break the mussels may be greater than the ability of the bird and vice versa, which is considered as a constraint. E value was obtained from equation (4) and linearly decreased from 0.5 to −0.5, where i represents the iteration value that starts with the number of iteration and ends with one, and in last two iterations, the E value will be fixed. T and E, which are the required time and energy to open the candidate mussel (must be less than EO’s energy), may consequently be negative values. Figure 1 illustrates the search process followed by EO to find appropriate mussels or prey. The T value in equation (1) and C in equation (2) rely on L, a random value that changes inconstantly. This condition allows EO to reach any position in the search space and prevent a local minimum problem, thus emphasising the exploration every time. Figure 2 illustrates the pseudo-code of the EOO to determine how EOO can solve optimisation problems.

Figure 1 EO and the candidate mussels.
Figure 1

EO and the candidate mussels.

Figure 2 Pseudo code of EOO algorithm.
Figure 2

Pseudo code of EOO algorithm.

Theoretically, the following points explain the main features of EOO that help in solving optimisation problems:

Adopting the time required to open the mussel, which is calculated using the bird’s energy and the size of the mussel as parameters to measure the expected position of the target food, thereby improving the quality of selection.

The random values entered throughout optimisation help explore new areas at each iteration. Thus, prevent a local minimum problem.

Exploration and exploitation are guaranteed by the random values used in each stage of optimisation.

3 Results and discussion

Matlab 2018B was applied on Dell Core i7 processor and 16 GB RAM to test the algorithm and measure its efficiency. Benchmark test functions were adopted to measure the algorithm’s efficiency and ability to solve optimisation problems.

EOO was tested by 58 benchmark functions classified into three types: unimodal, multimodal, and fixed-diminution multimodal. The unimodal test functions are listed in Table 1, where D represents the dimension of the test function, and Range indicates the accepted range from upper to lower value in each function and Opt is the optimal value. Multimodal and fixed multimodal benchmark functions are presented in Table 2, where Type indicates the type of function F for fixed and N for N-dimensional multimodal. The test functions were as follows: continuous, convex, differentiable, and separable. In the continuous function, the small changes in the input must be sufficient to produce a large change in output. The function is differentiable when the function derivable and this function is continuous at each point in the domain. In the evaluation of algorithms, Separable indicates a measure of the difficulty of solving a problem.

Table 1

Unimodal Benchmark functions

Function Equation Test name D Range Opt
F1 f 1 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 Sphere 30 100 to −100 0
F2 f 2 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n | x i | + ∏ i = 1 n | x i | Schwefel 2.22 2 100 to −100 0
F3 f 3 ( x ) = max i { ∣ x i ∣ , 1 ≤ i ≤ n } Schwefel 2.21 2 100 to −100 0
F4 f 4 ( x , y ) = − 200 e x 2 + y 2 − 0.2 Ackley 2 2 32 to −32 −200
F5 f 5 ( x ) = x 1 2 + x 2 2 − 0.3 cos ( 3 π x 1 ) − 0.4 cos ( 4 π x 2 ) + 0.7 Bohachevskyn N.1 2 100 to −100 0
F6 f 6 ( x ) = ( x 1 + 2 x 2 − 7 ) 2 + ( 2 x 1 + x 2 − 5 ) 2 Booth 2 10 to −10 0
F7 f 7 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 + ∑ i = 1 n 0.5 i x i 2 + ∑ i = 1 n 0.5 i x i 4 Zakharov 2 5.12 to −5.12 0
F8 f 8 ( x ) = ( x 1 − 1 ) 2 + ∑ i = 2 d i   ( 2 x i 2 − x i − 1 ) 2 Dixon-Price 2 10 to −10 0
F9 f 9 ( x ) = − exp − 0.5 ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 Exponential 30 1 to −1 −1
F10 f 10 ( x ) = 0.26 ( x 1 2 + x 2 2 ) − 0.48 x 1 x 2 Matyas 2 10 to −10 0
F11 f 11 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n   x i 10 Schwefel 2.23 2 100 to −100 0
F12 f 12 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n | x i | Schwefel 2.20 2 100 to −100 0
F13 f 13 ( x ) = 0.5 + sin 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 0.5 ( 1 + 0.001 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ) 2 Schaffer N2 2 36 to −36 0
F14 f 14 ( x ) = 0.5 + sin 2 ( cos ( | x 2 − y 2 | ) ) − 0.5 ( 1 + 0.001 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ) 2 Schaffer N3 2 100 to −100 0.00156
F15 f 15 ( x ) = 0.5 + sin 2 ( x 1 2 − x 2 2 ) 2 − 0.5 [ 1 + 0.001 ( x 1 2 − x 2 2 ) ] 2 Schaffer N1 2 100 to −100 0
F16 f 16 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 d ∑ j = 1 d x j i − b i 2 Power sum 4 4, 0 0
F17 f 17 ( x ) = 1 + cos ( x 1 2 + x 2 2 12 ) 0.5 ( x 1 2 + x 2 2 ) + 2 Drop wave 2 5.12 to −5.12 −1
F18 f 18 ( x , y ) = ( x + 10 ) 2 + ( y + 10 ) 2 + e − x 2 − y 2 Brent 2 0, 20 10−200
F19 f 19 ( x , y ) = 100 ( y − x 3 ) 2 + ( 1 − x ) 2 Leon 2 0, 10 0
F20 f 20 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = ∑ i = 1 n i x i 2 Sum squares 10 −10 to 10 0
Table 2

Multimodal Benchmark functions

Function Equation Type Test name D Range Opt
F21 f 21 ( x ) = − 20 exp ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 − 0.2 − exp 1 n ∑ i = 1 n cos ( 2 π x i ) + 20 + e N Ackley 2 10 to −10 0
F22 f 22 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n ⌊ ∣ x i ∣ ⌋ N Step 1 30 100 to −100 0
F23 f 23 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n i x i 4 + random [ 0 , 1 ) N Quartic 10 1.28 to −1.28 0 + rand
F24 f 24 ( x ) = 4 − 2.1 x 1 2 + x 1 4 3 x 1 2 + x 1 x 2 + ( − 4 + 4 x 2 2 ) x 2 2 F Six-Hump Camel 2 5 to −5 −1.0316
F25 f 25(x) = [1 + (x 1 + x 2 + 1)2 (19 – 14x 1 + 3 x 1 2 − 14x 2 + 6x 1 x 2 + 3 x 2 2 )] *[30 + (2x 1 + 3x 2 )2(18 − 32x 1 + 12 x 1 2 − 48x 2 + 36x 1 x 2 + 27 x 2 2 )] F Goldstein Price 2 2 to −2 3
F26 f 26 ( x ) = 2 x 1 2 + 1.05 x 2 2 − 0.3 cos ( 3 π x 1 ) cos ( 4 π x 2 ) + 0.3 F Camel Three 2 −5 to 5 0
F27 f 27 ( x ) = x 1 2 + 2 x 1 4 + x 1 6 6 + x 1 x 2 + x 2 2 F Bohachevskyn N.2 2 10 to −10 0
F28 f 28 ( x ) = sin ( x ) e ( 1 − cos ( y ) ) 2 + cos ( x ) e ( 1 − sin ( x ) ) 2 + ( x − y ) 2 F Brid 2 2pi to −2pi −106.7645
F29 f 29 ( x ) = sin ( x 1 ) sin ( x 2 ) exp 100 − x 1 2 + x 2 2 π + 1 0.1 N Cross in Tiny 2 10 to −10 −2.06261
F30 f 30 ( x ) = − sin 2 ( x − y ) sin 2 ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) F Keane 2 10, 0 −0.6737
F31 f 31 ( x ) = −( x 2 + 47) sin ( | x 2   + x 1 2 + 47 | ) − x 1 sin ( | x 1   − ( x 2 + 47 | ) F Egg Holder 2 512 to −512 −959.641
F32 f 32 ( x ) =   − | sin ( x 1 )   e x p ( | 1 −   x 1 2 +   x 2 2 π |) | F Holder 2 10 to −10 −19.2085
F33 f 33 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = 418.9829 d − ∑ i = 1 n x i sin ( | x i | ) F Schwefel 2 500 to −500 0
F34 f 34 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 d sin ( x i ) sin 2 m i x i 2 π N Michalewicz 2 1.57 to 2.21 −1.8013
F35 f 35 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = 1 + ∑ i = 1 n sin 2 ( x i ) − 0.1 e ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 N Periodic 30 −10 to 10 0.9
F36 f 36 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = 1 + ∑ i = 1 n ( x 2 − i ) 2 N Qing 10 −500 to 500 0
F37 f 37 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = 1 − cos ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 2 π + ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 0.1 N Salomon 10 −100 to 100 0
F38 f 38 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = ∑ i = 1 n ∣ x i ∣ exp − ∑ i = 1 n sin ( x i 2 ) N Xin-She Yang N. 2 10 −2π to 2π 0
F39 f 39 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = ∑ i = 1 n sin 2 ( x i ) − 0.1 e − ∑ i = 1 n x i 2 e − ∑ i = 1 n sin | x i | 2 N Xin-She Yang N. 4 10 −10 to 10 −1
F40 f 40 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n − 1 ( x i 2 ) ( x i + 1 2 + 1 ) + x i + 1 2 ( x i 2 + 1 ) F Brown 1 −1 to 4 0
F41 f 41 ( x ) = a ( x 2 − b x 1 2 + c x 1 − r ) 2 + s ( 1 − t ) cos ( x 1 ) + s F Branin 2 −5 to 15 0.3979
F42 f 42 ( x ) = − ∑ 4 i = 1 ∝ i exp − ∑ 3 j = 1 A i j ( x j − p i j ) 2 F Hartmann 3 3 0, 1 −3.8628
F43 f 43 ( x ) = − ∑ i = 1 4 ∝ i exp − ∑ j = 1 6 A i j ( x j − p i j ) 2 F Hartmann 6 6 0, 1 −3.8628
F44 f 44 ( x , y ) = − 200 e − 2 x 2 + y 2 + 5 e cos ( 3 x ) + sin ( 3 y ) F Ackley N. 3 2 −32 to 32 −195.629
F45 f 45 ( x , y ) = − cos ( x 1 ) cos ( x 2 ) exp ( − ( x − π ) 2 − ( y − π ) 2 ) F Easom 2 −100 to 100 −1
F46 f 46 ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 d ( x 1 − i ) 2 − ∑ i = 1 d x i x i − 1 N Trid 6 −36 to 36 −50
F47 f 47 ( x ) = sin ( 10 π x ) 2 x + ( x − 1 ) 2 F Gramacy & Lee 1 0.5 to 2.5 −0.869
F48 f 48 ( x , y ) = cos ( x ) sin ( y ) − x y 2 + 1 N Adjiman 2 −2 to 2 −2.02181
F49 f 49 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = ∑ i = 1 n | x i sin ( x i ) + 0.1 x i | N Alpine N. 1 2 −1 to 2 0
F50 f 50 ( x ) = f ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) = ∏ i = 1 n x i sin ( x i ) N Alpine N. 2 2 0, 10 2.2808n
F51 f 51 ( x , y ) = | x 2 + y 2 + x y | + | sin ( x ) | + | cos ( y ) | F Bartels Conn 2 −500 to 500 1
F52 f 52 ( x , y ) = ( 1.5 − x + x y ) 2 + ( 2.25 − x + x y 2 ) 2 + ( 2.625 − x + x y 3 ) 2 F Beale 2 −4.5 to 4.5 0
F53 f 53 ( x , y ) = 10 5 x 2 + y 2 − ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + 10 − 5 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 4 F Deckkers-Aarts 2 −20 to 20 −24771.09375
F54 f 54 ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 25 ( sin 2 ( x ) + sin 2 ( y ) ) N Egg Crate 2 −5 to 5 0
F55 f 55 ( x , y ) = ( x 2 + y − 11 ) 2 + ( x + y 2 − 7 ) 2 N Himmelblau 2 −6 to 6 0
F56 f 56 ( x , y ) = sin 2 ( 3 π x ) + ( x + 1 ) 2 ( 1 + sin 2 ( 3 π x ) ) + ( y + 1 ) 2 ( 1 + sin 2 ( 2 π x ) ) F Levi N. 13 2 −10 to 10 0
F57 f 57 ( x , y ) = sin ( x + y ) + ( x − y ) 2 − 1.5 x + 2.5 y + 1 F McCormick 2 −1.5 to 4 −1.9133
F58 f 58 ( x , y , z ) = 4 3 ( x 2 + y 2 − x y ) 0.75 + z N Wolfe 3 0 to 2 0

Table 3 (average and standard deviation) confirms that EOO achieved the optimal value in nine benchmark functions (F4, F5, F6, F9, F11, F13, F14, F15, and 19), and Table 4 shows that EOO produced the optimal value in 22 multimodal test functions. Ultimately, EOO achieved the optimal value in 31 benchmark functions and best value in 49 test functions from all 58 test functions in two tables. Generally, unimodal benchmarks functions are suitable for exploitation problem, and multimodal functions are appropriate for the exploration ability of the algorithm. Therefore, EOO performance was superior in terms of exploitation (Table 3) and exploration (Table 4). Finally, EOO algorithm produced 9 optimal values in unimodal benchmark functions, 11 in N-dimensional multimodal functions and 11 in fixed multimodal functions, implying its good balance between exploitation and exploration.

Table 3

Results of Unimodal Benchmark functions

F EOO_AV EOO_STD PSO_AV PSO_STD GSA_AV GSA_STD ABC_AV ABS_STD BBO_AV BBO_STD UB LB OPT D
1 5.62281 × 10−18 1.34684 × 10−17 2.54029 × 10−8 7.98316 × 10−8 2.14471 × 10−17 5.63657 × 10−18 0.001252987 0.000811156 2.774887 × 10−3 6.887686 × 10−4 100 −100 0 30
2 6.633 × 10−126 2.0973 × 10−1255 1.0534 × 10−55 5.14643 × 10−55 9.31038 × 10−11 5.16071 × 10−11 0.000253748 0.000152438 5.84342 × 10−09 1.14509 × 10−8 100 −100 0 2
3 3.0525 × 10−113 9.595 × 10−113 2.02803 × 10−51 1.10053 × 10−50 6.01947 × 10−11 2.99344 × 10−11 0.001662766 0.001098175 4.45571 × 10−07 6.05727 × 10−07 100 −100 0 2
4 −200 0 −200 0 −200 0 −199.9998 0.00010171 −200 0 32 −32 −200 2
5 0 0 1.66533 × 10−16 5.8874 × 10−16 0 0 1.42235 × 10−05 1.41276 × 10−05 3.01983 × 10−12 1.615 × 10−11 100 −100 0 2
6 0 0 6.96827 × 10−30 2.47526 × 10−29 1.85221 × 10−20 1.43471 × 10−20 4.51821 × 10−7 5.78899 × 10−7 8.95268 × 10−10 2.22824 × 10−9 10 −10 0 2
7 8.5643 × 10−282 0 4.0826 × 10−104 2.0807 × 10−103 3.11163 × 10−20 4.09121 × 10−20 1.8417 × 10−9 1.69934 × 10−9 7.82734 × 10−16 2.00333 × 10−15 5.12 −5.12 0 2
8 3.6978 × 10−32 5.76992 × 10−48 0.085226667 0.408424714 7.21111 × 10−20 7.48794 × 10−20 2.19797 × 10−6 2.14305 × 10−6 1.29442 × 10−8 1.65908 × 10−8 10 −10 0 2
9 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 −0.999941333 3.8213 × 10−5 −0.999951 1.21343 × 10−5 1 −1 −1 30
10 2.9141 × 10−232 0 6.77411 × 10−66 3.71033 × 10−65 1.56958 × 10−21 1.18656 × 10−21 1.32931 × 10−7 1.36422 × 10−7 2.80296 × 10−8 5.51136 × 10−8 10 −10 0 2
11 0 0 0 0 1.7161 × 10−99 4.233 × 10−99 2.94618 × 10−31 9.23942 × 10−31 2.26294 × 10−69 1.23937 × 10−69 100 −100 0 2
12 7.9317 × 10−143 2.0983 × 10−142 9.14357 × 10−46 5.00814 × 10−45 1.52258 × 10−10 6.4698 × 10−11 0.000561859 0.000278038 1.69745 × 10−8 3.52861 × 10−8 100 −100 0 2
13 0 0 6.95737 × 10−16 2.22941 × 10−15 0.005331387 0.006958944 5.26439 × 10−9 7.65922 × 10−9 1.6606 × 10−13 9.08585 × 10−13 36 −36 0 2
14 0.001566855 2.2857 × 10−19 0.015050889 0.069811002 0.003418706 0.002052954 0.001717237 0.000144094 0.0018911 0.000475574 100 −100 0.0015 2
15 0 0 1.33227 × 10−16 5.70145 × 10−16 0.020150599 0.031993769 1.06425 × 10−5 8.70544 × 10−6 4.38922 × 10−15 2.34985 × 10−14 100 −100 0 2
16 0.007999503 0.009026825 1863.431315 6520.088474 0.028399943 0.033204355 0.020449223 0.010801132 0.01795016 0.015663814 4 0 0 4
17 −9.3625 × 10−1 1.1703 × 10−16 −1 0 −0.98456 0.013050977 −0.999206 0.000601024 −0.96175 0.034917313 5.12 −5.12 −1 2
18 1.38 × 10−87 0.00 × 1000 1.3839 × 10−87 0 48.08614 0.249794351 1.16373 × 10−9 1.5321 × 10−9 5.38078 × 10−20 5.7944 × 10−20 0 −20 × 10−200 2
19 1.00 × 1000 0.00 × 1000 9.9851 × 10−12 1.88994 × 10−11 0.02696 0.008670525 0.000275141 0.000371486 0.4519644 0.358633755 10 0 0 2
20 2.90 × 10−58 4.67 × 10−58 2.08032 × 10−41 4.63296 × 10−41 1.39357 × 10−20 8.2482 × 10−21 1.9754 × 10−7 3.46517 × 10−7 2.15358 × 10−7 2.06015 × 10−7 10 −10 0 10
Table 4

Results of Multimodal Benchmark functions

F EOO_AV EOO_STD PSO_AV PSO_STD GSA_AV GSA_STD ABC_AV ABS_STD BBO_AV BBO_STD UB LB OPT D
21 8.88178 × 10−16 0 1.954 × 10−15 1.65589 × 10−15 1.70833 × 10−10 1.07462 × 10−10 0.000346327 0.000177635 4.73617 × 10−9 1.64321 × 10−8 10 −10 0 2
22 9.28938 × 10−13 1.33932 × 10−12 1.18715 × 10−8 1.94462 × 10−8 2.22948 × 10−17 5.39243 × 10−18 0.542361333 0.457034324 1.063618333 0.207327884 100 −100 0 30
23 0.026719186 0.008754312 0.695013333 0.77173046 0.004470523 0.002057632 0.00892749 0.002970026 0.001438262 0.000917321 1.28 −1.28 0 10
24 −1.031628453 0 15.75971404 0.008859934 −1.0316 6.77522 × 10−16 −1.0316 6.77522 × 10−16 −1.0316 6.77522 × 10−16 5 −5 −1.0316 2
25 3 0 3 0.463283793 3 0 3 0 3 0 15 −5 0.3979 2
26 7.487 × 10−267 0 2.2713 × 10−100 5.5674 × 10−48 6.2521 × 10−21 7.70769 × 10−21 2.49639 × 10−9 2.05859 × 10−9 0.039818667 0.103253557 500 −500 −12569.5 30
27 0 0 2.96059 × 10−17 3.56623 × 10−5 0 0 3.18426 × 10−5 2.95654 × 10−5 0.065493007 0.101752452 10 −10 0 2
28 0 0 −103.1151095 5.78238 × 10−17 −106.7645 7.2269 ×10−14 −106.7645 7.2269 ×10−14 −106.1160467 3.551725182 2pi 2pi −106.765 2
29 −2.062611871 4.68111 × 10−16 −2.062338712 19.98873646 −2.0626 1.35504 × 10−15 −2.0626 1.35504 × 10−15 −2.0626 1.35504 × 10−15 10 −10 −2.06261 2
30 −0.673667521 1.17028 × 10−16 −0.6737 0 −0.670896667 0.00417228 −0.67367 0 −0.519266 0.192338314 10 0 −0.6737 2
31 −959.6406627 0 95.54238667 0 −727.0281867 123.8680268 -6.3842 × 10111 2.287 × 10112 −791.28165 147.3338192 512 −512 −959.641 2
32 −19.20850257 3.74489 × 10−15 −15.14022386 0 −19.17958667 0.042476839 N/A N/A −18.88504 1.771663385 1 −10 −19.2085 2
33 2.54551 × 10−5 3.5714 × 10−21 711.5143067 5.42017 × 10−15 206.868 81.44365973 −1.9688 × 10113 1.0349 × 10114 46.71747279 64.84744095 500 −500 0 2
34 −1.80130341 0 −1.801086667 447.0917171 −1.8013 6.77522 × 10−16 −1.878846667 0.078420492 −1.8013 2.942408 × 101 2.21 1.57 −1.8013 2
35 1 0 1.8879 2.48253 × 10−16 1 0.537239841 7.76328 0.537239841 1.01135 0.001438749 10 −10 0.9 30
36 1.22668 × 10−29 2.91652 × 10−30 1.22272 × 10−29 1.76386 × 10−30 6.5934 × 10−17 8.5558629 15.67116 8.5558629 0.00217097 0.001867631 500 −500 0 10
37 0.736497025 0.127799749 0.27762 0.070280524 0.285 0.053416719 0.364346 0.053416719 0.19987 0 100 −100 0 10
38 0.002569467 6.55414 × 10−5 0.00173669 0.001895051 0.00056607 0.002339459 0.0077256 0.002339459 0.00087561 0.000210189 2pi 2pi 0 10
39 4.81432 × 10−33 3.69286 × 10−33 4.06806 × 10−31 5.57028 × 10−31 3.73555 × 10−22 6.56764 × 10−5 0.00026413 6.56764 × 10−5 2.86356 × 10−12 3.54836 × 10−12 10 −10 10 −1
40 1.26689 × 10−38 1.46288 × 10−38 1.67448 × 10−41 2.27058 × 10−41 7.83788 × 10−18 5.56283 × 10−10 6.66508 × 10−10 5.56283 × 10−10 7.41788 × 10−9 4.23 × 10−9 4 −1 0 1
41 0.397887358 5.85139 × 10−17 0.482471019 91.46533617 0.3979 0 0.39789 1.6938 × 10−16 0.39789 1.6938 × 10−16 15 −5 0.3979 2
42 −3.862779787 0 −3.862782148 0 −3.862796667 1.82574 × 10−5 −3.8628 3.16177 × 10−15 −3.8628 3.16177 × 10−15 1 0 −3.8628 3
43 −3.271279686 0.063718337 −3.270474819 1.35504 × 10−15 −3.3224 1.35504 × 10−15 −3.3224 1.35504 × 10−15 −3.27472 0.059394127 1 0 −3.3224 6
44 −195.6290283 0 −195.6290218 8.6681 × 10−100 −195.629 5.78152 × 10−14 −195.629 5.78152 × 10−14 −195.629 5.78152 × 10−14 32 −32 −195.629 2
45 −1 0 −1 0.001496152 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 100 −100 −1 2
46 −50 0 −50 1.1292 × 10−16 −50 0 −49.99740333 0.002460934 −50 0 36 −36 −50 6
47 −0.869011135 0 0.0625 376.9030802 −0.869 1.1292 × 10−16 −2.8739 9.03362 × 10−16 −0.769653 0.145673467 2.5 0.5 −0.869 1
48 −2.02 × 1000 4.68 × 10−16 −1.8758 0.277501784 −5.12666 0.000896103 −7.8498 × 10102 1.754 × 10103 −2.0218 0 2 −2 −2.02181 2
49 0 0 2.9976 × 10−15 0.000359821 1.54218 × 10−11 2.86025 × 10−6 1.0436 × 10−5 2.86025 × 10−6 1.10005 × 10−11 1.94804 × 10−11 2 −1 0 2
50 −6239.018731 1421.18718 43.40452 193.6002591 −4035.32 3.9127 × 10100 −2.7292 × 10116 3.9127 × 10100 −6.1295 0 10 0 2.2808n 2
51 1 0 1 0 1 0.000240832 1.00044 0.000240832 1 0 500 −500 1 2
52 0 0 0 0 2.74851 × 10−20 2.66782 × 10−6 2.58458 × 10−6 2.66782 × 10−6 1.66699 × 10−6 1.87613 × 10−6 4.5 −4.5 0 2
53 −24776.51834 3.83477 × 10−12 −24777 0 −39.6307 0.003626293 −24776.5159 0.003626293 −24776.5183 0 20 −20 −24771.09375 2
54 0 0 1.4323 × 10−103 3.2027 × 10−103 2.4452 × 10−19 9.74048 × 10−7 1.28548 × 10−6 9.74048 × 10−7 1.03361 × 10−14 2.31075 × 10−14 5 −5 0 2
55 0 0 4.73316 × 10−31 4.32076 × 10−31 2.56433 × 10−19 3.2854 × 10−5 5.02648 × 10−5 3.2854 × 10−5 2.06358 × 10−14 4.59257 × 10−14 6 −6 0 2
56 1.34978 × 10−31 0 1.3498 × 10−31 0 3.37151 × 10−20 4.52321 × 10−7 5.97401 × 10−7 4.52321 × 10−7 2.05588 × 10−14 4.59686 × 10−14 10 −10 0 2
57 −1.910507547 0 −0.6411 0 −1.91022 193.9339097 −384.9026 193.9339097 −1.9105 0 4 −1.5 −1.9133 2
58 0 0 0.3054 0.523729969 0.01294 7.11711 × 1088 -5.2568 × 10104 7.11711 × 1088 0 0 2 0 0 3

4 Comparing with the related work

This section demonstrates the comparison of the proposed EOO algorithm with the most well-known meta-heuristic algorithms such as PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC. In the test process, each benchmark function run for 30 times. Tables 3 and 4 illustrate the results of the proposed algorithm and its comparison with other meta-heuristic algorithms such as PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC. The results proved that EOO is competitive against other meta-heuristic algorithms.

However, for Table 2, the min–max normalisation approach was used to replicate the findings and examine the discussion. Then it generates Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate a comparison of the optimal value both of the unimodal function test and the multimodal function test with results of the proposed method EOO, additional with the PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC algorithms results. Figure 3 shows a large match between the optimal values and the results of the proposed EOO, with GSA and ABC. Consequently, this convergence has been backed up by positive outcomes to the proposed EOO, whereas Figure 4 shows that the proposed EOO algorithm’s ability to achieve values close to the optimal values, similar to the PSO algorithm.

Figure 3 A comparison of the optimal value of the unimodal function test with results of the proposed method EOO, PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC algorithms result.
Figure 3

A comparison of the optimal value of the unimodal function test with results of the proposed method EOO, PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC algorithms result.

Figure 4 A comparison of the optimal value of the multimodal function test with results of the proposed EOO, PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC algorithms result.
Figure 4

A comparison of the optimal value of the multimodal function test with results of the proposed EOO, PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC algorithms result.

It is worth to note that the proposed algorithm EOO has achieved the best results compared to the other meta-heuristics algorithms that distinguished in the unimodal functions and achieved good competition results with the algorithms that distinguished in the multimodal functions. In other words, this common distinction demonstrates that the proposed EOO algorithm met both exploitation and exploration criteria, indicating that it is a competitive algorithm.

5 Conclusion

This study proposed a new nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm called EOO inspired from the behaviour of EO. This algorithm has a high exploratory and exploitative search technique because the randomisation used in the equations enhance the worst solutions by relying on the best solutions. Fifty-eight benchmark test functions were used to evaluate the performance of this algorithm. EOO achieved the optimal value in 31 benchmark test functions and 49 functions. Comparison with other meta-heuristic algorithms, such as PSO, GWO, BBO, GSA, and ABC, verified that EOO is a competitive meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm. Unimodal and multimodal results confirmed that EOO is superior in terms of exploitation and exploration. Future studies should focus on using EOO to solve some complex problems such as travel salesman and timetabling.

,

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Hussain K, Salleh MNM, Cheng S, Shi Y. Metaheuristic research: a comprehensive survey. Artif Intell Rev. 2019;52(4):2191–233.10.1007/s10462-017-9605-zSearch in Google Scholar

[2] Beheshti Z, Shamsuddin SMH. A review of population−based meta-heuristic algorithms. Int J Adv Soft Comput Appl. 2013;5(1):1–35.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Agrawal P, Abutarboush HF, Ganesh T, Mohamed AW. Metaheuristic algorithms on feature selection: a survey of one decade of research (2009–2019). IEEE Access. 2021;9:26766–91.10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056407Search in Google Scholar

[4] Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of ICNN’95-International Conference on Neural Networks. Vol. 4; 1995. p. 1942–8.10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968Search in Google Scholar

[5] Basturk B. An artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for numeric function optimization; 2006.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Passino KM. Biomimicry of bacterial foraging for distributed optimization and control. IEEE Control Syst Mag. 2002;22(3):52–67.10.1109/MCS.2002.1004010Search in Google Scholar

[7] Dorigo M, Birattari M, Stutzle T. Ant colony optimization. IEEE Comput Intell Mag. 2006;1(4):28–39.10.1109/MCI.2006.329691Search in Google Scholar

[8] Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM, Lewis A. Grey wolf optimizer. Adv Eng Softw. 2014;69:46–61.10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007Search in Google Scholar

[9] Mirjalili S, Lewis A. The whale optimization algorithm. Adv Eng Softw. 2016;95:51–67.10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008Search in Google Scholar

[10] Yousif M, Al-Khateeb B. A novel metaheuristic algorithm for multiple traveling salesman problem. Adv Res Dyn Control Syst. 2018;10(13):2113–22.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Faramarzi A, Heidarinejad M, Mirjalili S, Gandomi AH. Marine predators algorithm: a nature-inspired Metaheuristic. Expert systems with applications; 2020. p. 113377.10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113377Search in Google Scholar

[12] Mirjalili S. The ant lion optimizer. Adv Eng Softw. 2015;83:80–98.10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.01.010Search in Google Scholar

[13] Fathollahi-Fard AM, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R. Red deer algorithm (RDA): a new nature-inspired meta-heuristic. Soft Comput. 2020;24(19):14637–65.10.1007/s00500-020-04812-zSearch in Google Scholar

[14] Dehghani M, Mardaneh M, Guerrero JM, Malik OP, Ramirez-Mendoza RA, Matas J, et al. A new ‘doctor and patient’ optimization algorithm: an application to energy commitment problem. Appl Sci. 2020;10(17):5791.10.3390/app10175791Search in Google Scholar

[15] Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt CD, Vecchi MP. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science. 1983;220(4598):671–80.10.1126/science.220.4598.671Search in Google Scholar

[16] Rashedi E, Nezamabadi-Pour H, Saryazdi S. GSA: a gravitational search algorithm. Inf Sci. 2009;179(13):2232–48.10.1016/j.ins.2009.03.004Search in Google Scholar

[17] Hatamlou A. Black hole: A new heuristic optimization approach for data clustering. Inf Sci. 2013;222:175–84.10.1016/j.ins.2012.08.023Search in Google Scholar

[18] Kaveh A, Khayatazad M. A new meta-heuristic method: ray optimization. Computers Struct. 2012;112:283–94.10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.09.003Search in Google Scholar

[19] Holland JH. Genetic algorithms. Sci Am. 1992;267(1):66–73.10.1038/scientificamerican0792-66Search in Google Scholar

[20] Simon D. Biogeography-based optimization. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput. 2008;12(6):702–13.10.1109/TEVC.2008.919004Search in Google Scholar

[21] Koza JR, Koza JR. Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. Vol. 1. MIT press; 1992.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Yao X, Liu Y, Lin G. Evolutionary programming made faster. IEEE Trans Evolut Comput. 1999;3(2):82–102.10.1109/4235.771163Search in Google Scholar

[23] Meire PM, Ervynck A. Are oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) selecting the most profitable mussels (Mytilus edulis)? Anim Behav. 1986;34(5):1427–35.10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80213-5Search in Google Scholar

[24] Craeymeersch JA, Herman PMJ, Meire PM. Secondary production of an intertidal mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) population in the Eastern Scheldt (SW Netherlands). Hydrobiologia. 1986;133(2):107–15.10.1007/BF00031860Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-11-13
Revised: 2021-12-16
Accepted: 2022-01-09
Published Online: 2022-03-04

© 2022 Ahmad Salim et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Construction of 3D model of knee joint motion based on MRI image registration
  3. Evaluation of several initialization methods on arithmetic optimization algorithm performance
  4. Application of visual elements in product paper packaging design: An example of the “squirrel” pattern
  5. Deep learning approach to text analysis for human emotion detection from big data
  6. Cognitive prediction of obstacle's movement for reinforcement learning pedestrian interacting model
  7. The application of neural network algorithm and embedded system in computer distance teach system
  8. Machine translation of English speech: Comparison of multiple algorithms
  9. Automatic control of computer application data processing system based on artificial intelligence
  10. A secure framework for IoT-based smart climate agriculture system: Toward blockchain and edge computing
  11. Application of mining algorithm in personalized Internet marketing strategy in massive data environment
  12. On the correction of errors in English grammar by deep learning
  13. Research on intelligent interactive music information based on visualization technology
  14. Extractive summarization of Malayalam documents using latent Dirichlet allocation: An experience
  15. Conception and realization of an IoT-enabled deep CNN decision support system for automated arrhythmia classification
  16. Masking and noise reduction processing of music signals in reverberant music
  17. Cat swarm optimization algorithm based on the information interaction of subgroup and the top-N learning strategy
  18. State feedback based on grey wolf optimizer controller for two-wheeled self-balancing robot
  19. Research on an English translation method based on an improved transformer model
  20. Short-term prediction of parking availability in an open parking lot
  21. PUC: parallel mining of high-utility itemsets with load balancing on spark
  22. Image retrieval based on weighted nearest neighbor tag prediction
  23. A comparative study of different neural networks in predicting gross domestic product
  24. A study of an intelligent algorithm combining semantic environments for the translation of complex English sentences
  25. IoT-enabled edge computing model for smart irrigation system
  26. A study on automatic correction of English grammar errors based on deep learning
  27. A novel fingerprint recognition method based on a Siamese neural network
  28. A hidden Markov optimization model for processing and recognition of English speech feature signals
  29. Crime reporting and police controlling: Mobile and web-based approach for information-sharing in Iraq
  30. Convex optimization for additive noise reduction in quantitative complex object wave retrieval using compressive off-axis digital holographic imaging
  31. CRNet: Context feature and refined network for multi-person pose estimation
  32. Improving the efficiency of intrusion detection in information systems
  33. Research on reform and breakthrough of news, film, and television media based on artificial intelligence
  34. An optimized solution to the course scheduling problem in universities under an improved genetic algorithm
  35. An adaptive RNN algorithm to detect shilling attacks for online products in hybrid recommender system
  36. Computing the inverse of cardinal direction relations between regions
  37. Human-centered artificial intelligence-based ice hockey sports classification system with web 4.0
  38. Construction of an IoT customer operation analysis system based on big data analysis and human-centered artificial intelligence for web 4.0
  39. An improved Jaya optimization algorithm with ring topology and population size reduction
  40. Review Articles
  41. A review on voice pathology: Taxonomy, diagnosis, medical procedures and detection techniques, open challenges, limitations, and recommendations for future directions
  42. An extensive review of state-of-the-art transfer learning techniques used in medical imaging: Open issues and challenges
  43. Special Issue: Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems in Analysis For Complex Problems and Systems
  44. Tree-based machine learning algorithms in the Internet of Things environment for multivariate flood status prediction
  45. Evaluating OADM network simulation and an overview based metropolitan application
  46. Radiography image analysis using cat swarm optimized deep belief networks
  47. Comparative analysis of blockchain technology to support digital transformation in ports and shipping
  48. IoT network security using autoencoder deep neural network and channel access algorithm
  49. Large-scale timetabling problems with adaptive tabu search
  50. Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser: New meta-heuristic algorithm
  51. Trip generation modeling for a selected sector in Baghdad city using the artificial neural network
  52. Trainable watershed-based model for cornea endothelial cell segmentation
  53. Hessenberg factorization and firework algorithms for optimized data hiding in digital images
  54. The application of an artificial neural network for 2D coordinate transformation
  55. A novel method to find the best path in SDN using firefly algorithm
  56. Systematic review for lung cancer detection and lung nodule classification: Taxonomy, challenges, and recommendation future works
  57. Special Issue on International Conference on Computing Communication & Informatics
  58. Edge detail enhancement algorithm for high-dynamic range images
  59. Suitability evaluation method of urban and rural spatial planning based on artificial intelligence
  60. Writing assistant scoring system for English second language learners based on machine learning
  61. Dynamic evaluation of college English writing ability based on AI technology
  62. Image denoising algorithm of social network based on multifeature fusion
  63. Automatic recognition method of installation errors of metallurgical machinery parts based on neural network
  64. An FCM clustering algorithm based on the identification of accounting statement whitewashing behavior in universities
  65. Emotional information transmission of color in image oil painting
  66. College music teaching and ideological and political education integration mode based on deep learning
  67. Behavior feature extraction method of college students’ social network in sports field based on clustering algorithm
  68. Evaluation model of multimedia-aided teaching effect of physical education course based on random forest algorithm
  69. Venture financing risk assessment and risk control algorithm for small and medium-sized enterprises in the era of big data
  70. Interactive 3D reconstruction method of fuzzy static images in social media
  71. The impact of public health emergency governance based on artificial intelligence
  72. Optimal loading method of multi type railway flatcars based on improved genetic algorithm
  73. Special Issue: Evolution of Smart Cities and Societies using Emerging Technologies
  74. Data mining applications in university information management system development
  75. Implementation of network information security monitoring system based on adaptive deep detection
  76. Face recognition algorithm based on stack denoising and self-encoding LBP
  77. Research on data mining method of network security situation awareness based on cloud computing
  78. Topology optimization of computer communication network based on improved genetic algorithm
  79. Implementation of the Spark technique in a matrix distributed computing algorithm
  80. Construction of a financial default risk prediction model based on the LightGBM algorithm
  81. Application of embedded Linux in the design of Internet of Things gateway
  82. Research on computer static software defect detection system based on big data technology
  83. Study on data mining method of network security situation perception based on cloud computing
  84. Modeling and PID control of quadrotor UAV based on machine learning
  85. Simulation design of automobile automatic clutch based on mechatronics
  86. Research on the application of search algorithm in computer communication network
  87. Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence based Techniques and Applications for Intelligent IoT Systems
  88. Personalized recommendation system based on social tags in the era of Internet of Things
  89. Supervision method of indoor construction engineering quality acceptance based on cloud computing
  90. Intelligent terminal security technology of power grid sensing layer based upon information entropy data mining
  91. Deep learning technology of Internet of Things Blockchain in distribution network faults
  92. Optimization of shared bike paths considering faulty vehicle recovery during dispatch
  93. The application of graphic language in animation visual guidance system under intelligent environment
  94. Iot-based power detection equipment management and control system
  95. Estimation and application of matrix eigenvalues based on deep neural network
  96. Brand image innovation design based on the era of 5G internet of things
  97. Special Issue: Cognitive Cyber-Physical System with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare 4.0.
  98. Auxiliary diagnosis study of integrated electronic medical record text and CT images
  99. A hybrid particle swarm optimization with multi-objective clustering for dermatologic diseases diagnosis
  100. An efficient recurrent neural network with ensemble classifier-based weighted model for disease prediction
  101. Design of metaheuristic rough set-based feature selection and rule-based medical data classification model on MapReduce framework
https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2022-0017
Keywords for this article
meta-heuristic; optimisation; Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser; Eurasian oystercatcher
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Construction of 3D model of knee joint motion based on MRI image registration
  3. Evaluation of several initialization methods on arithmetic optimization algorithm performance
  4. Application of visual elements in product paper packaging design: An example of the “squirrel” pattern
  5. Deep learning approach to text analysis for human emotion detection from big data
  6. Cognitive prediction of obstacle's movement for reinforcement learning pedestrian interacting model
  7. The application of neural network algorithm and embedded system in computer distance teach system
  8. Machine translation of English speech: Comparison of multiple algorithms
  9. Automatic control of computer application data processing system based on artificial intelligence
  10. A secure framework for IoT-based smart climate agriculture system: Toward blockchain and edge computing
  11. Application of mining algorithm in personalized Internet marketing strategy in massive data environment
  12. On the correction of errors in English grammar by deep learning
  13. Research on intelligent interactive music information based on visualization technology
  14. Extractive summarization of Malayalam documents using latent Dirichlet allocation: An experience
  15. Conception and realization of an IoT-enabled deep CNN decision support system for automated arrhythmia classification
  16. Masking and noise reduction processing of music signals in reverberant music
  17. Cat swarm optimization algorithm based on the information interaction of subgroup and the top-N learning strategy
  18. State feedback based on grey wolf optimizer controller for two-wheeled self-balancing robot
  19. Research on an English translation method based on an improved transformer model
  20. Short-term prediction of parking availability in an open parking lot
  21. PUC: parallel mining of high-utility itemsets with load balancing on spark
  22. Image retrieval based on weighted nearest neighbor tag prediction
  23. A comparative study of different neural networks in predicting gross domestic product
  24. A study of an intelligent algorithm combining semantic environments for the translation of complex English sentences
  25. IoT-enabled edge computing model for smart irrigation system
  26. A study on automatic correction of English grammar errors based on deep learning
  27. A novel fingerprint recognition method based on a Siamese neural network
  28. A hidden Markov optimization model for processing and recognition of English speech feature signals
  29. Crime reporting and police controlling: Mobile and web-based approach for information-sharing in Iraq
  30. Convex optimization for additive noise reduction in quantitative complex object wave retrieval using compressive off-axis digital holographic imaging
  31. CRNet: Context feature and refined network for multi-person pose estimation
  32. Improving the efficiency of intrusion detection in information systems
  33. Research on reform and breakthrough of news, film, and television media based on artificial intelligence
  34. An optimized solution to the course scheduling problem in universities under an improved genetic algorithm
  35. An adaptive RNN algorithm to detect shilling attacks for online products in hybrid recommender system
  36. Computing the inverse of cardinal direction relations between regions
  37. Human-centered artificial intelligence-based ice hockey sports classification system with web 4.0
  38. Construction of an IoT customer operation analysis system based on big data analysis and human-centered artificial intelligence for web 4.0
  39. An improved Jaya optimization algorithm with ring topology and population size reduction
  40. Review Articles
  41. A review on voice pathology: Taxonomy, diagnosis, medical procedures and detection techniques, open challenges, limitations, and recommendations for future directions
  42. An extensive review of state-of-the-art transfer learning techniques used in medical imaging: Open issues and challenges
  43. Special Issue: Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems in Analysis For Complex Problems and Systems
  44. Tree-based machine learning algorithms in the Internet of Things environment for multivariate flood status prediction
  45. Evaluating OADM network simulation and an overview based metropolitan application
  46. Radiography image analysis using cat swarm optimized deep belief networks
  47. Comparative analysis of blockchain technology to support digital transformation in ports and shipping
  48. IoT network security using autoencoder deep neural network and channel access algorithm
  49. Large-scale timetabling problems with adaptive tabu search
  50. Eurasian oystercatcher optimiser: New meta-heuristic algorithm
  51. Trip generation modeling for a selected sector in Baghdad city using the artificial neural network
  52. Trainable watershed-based model for cornea endothelial cell segmentation
  53. Hessenberg factorization and firework algorithms for optimized data hiding in digital images
  54. The application of an artificial neural network for 2D coordinate transformation
  55. A novel method to find the best path in SDN using firefly algorithm
  56. Systematic review for lung cancer detection and lung nodule classification: Taxonomy, challenges, and recommendation future works
  57. Special Issue on International Conference on Computing Communication & Informatics
  58. Edge detail enhancement algorithm for high-dynamic range images
  59. Suitability evaluation method of urban and rural spatial planning based on artificial intelligence
  60. Writing assistant scoring system for English second language learners based on machine learning
  61. Dynamic evaluation of college English writing ability based on AI technology
  62. Image denoising algorithm of social network based on multifeature fusion
  63. Automatic recognition method of installation errors of metallurgical machinery parts based on neural network
  64. An FCM clustering algorithm based on the identification of accounting statement whitewashing behavior in universities
  65. Emotional information transmission of color in image oil painting
  66. College music teaching and ideological and political education integration mode based on deep learning
  67. Behavior feature extraction method of college students’ social network in sports field based on clustering algorithm
  68. Evaluation model of multimedia-aided teaching effect of physical education course based on random forest algorithm
  69. Venture financing risk assessment and risk control algorithm for small and medium-sized enterprises in the era of big data
  70. Interactive 3D reconstruction method of fuzzy static images in social media
  71. The impact of public health emergency governance based on artificial intelligence
  72. Optimal loading method of multi type railway flatcars based on improved genetic algorithm
  73. Special Issue: Evolution of Smart Cities and Societies using Emerging Technologies
  74. Data mining applications in university information management system development
  75. Implementation of network information security monitoring system based on adaptive deep detection
  76. Face recognition algorithm based on stack denoising and self-encoding LBP
  77. Research on data mining method of network security situation awareness based on cloud computing
  78. Topology optimization of computer communication network based on improved genetic algorithm
  79. Implementation of the Spark technique in a matrix distributed computing algorithm
  80. Construction of a financial default risk prediction model based on the LightGBM algorithm
  81. Application of embedded Linux in the design of Internet of Things gateway
  82. Research on computer static software defect detection system based on big data technology
  83. Study on data mining method of network security situation perception based on cloud computing
  84. Modeling and PID control of quadrotor UAV based on machine learning
  85. Simulation design of automobile automatic clutch based on mechatronics
  86. Research on the application of search algorithm in computer communication network
  87. Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence based Techniques and Applications for Intelligent IoT Systems
  88. Personalized recommendation system based on social tags in the era of Internet of Things
  89. Supervision method of indoor construction engineering quality acceptance based on cloud computing
  90. Intelligent terminal security technology of power grid sensing layer based upon information entropy data mining
  91. Deep learning technology of Internet of Things Blockchain in distribution network faults
  92. Optimization of shared bike paths considering faulty vehicle recovery during dispatch
  93. The application of graphic language in animation visual guidance system under intelligent environment
  94. Iot-based power detection equipment management and control system
  95. Estimation and application of matrix eigenvalues based on deep neural network
  96. Brand image innovation design based on the era of 5G internet of things
  97. Special Issue: Cognitive Cyber-Physical System with Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare 4.0.
  98. Auxiliary diagnosis study of integrated electronic medical record text and CT images
  99. A hybrid particle swarm optimization with multi-objective clustering for dermatologic diseases diagnosis
  100. An efficient recurrent neural network with ensemble classifier-based weighted model for disease prediction
  101. Design of metaheuristic rough set-based feature selection and rule-based medical data classification model on MapReduce framework
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 11.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jisys-2022-0017/html
Scroll to top button