Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and wear properties of eggshell/PLA composites
-
Ratnesh Kumar Sharma
Abstract
The current study investigated the potential application of agricultural waste chicken eggshell (CES) as a reinforcement in composites made of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). With the use of twin extruder and injection molding machine, polymer composites have been developed. The performance of the composites was assessed with respect to its mechanical, thermal, and wear properties. It was shown that the increase in eggshell content led to the increase in void content and water absorption. Despite the increase in void content, the mechanical properties, in particular, micro-hardness, tensile strength and flexural strength were significantly improved. Conversely, when the eggshell content increased from 0 to 30 wt%, the impact strength was decreased. A slight decrease in fracture toughness was observed. Thermal properties, such as thermal stability and thermal degradation temperature, were improved with an increase in eggshell content. PLA, PLA-CES-10, PLA-CES-20, and PLA-CES-30 composites exhibited increase in erosion rate by 13.8 %, 10 %, 9 %, and 6 %, respectively, when the impact velocity was increased from 30 m/s to 50 m/s. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test (α < 0.05). Overall, PLA/eggshell based polymer composites performed exceptionally well, in addition to their environmental benefits, pollution control, waste utilization, and reduced production cost.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: Ratnesh Kumar Sharma: Problem identification, Experimentation, analysis, Shiv Ranjan Kumar: Problem identification, analysis, manuscript writing, editing.
-
Competing interests: Authors declare that there are no competing interests.
-
Research funding: No funding was received for conducting this study.
-
Data availability: Data can not be shared at this time as it is part of onging work.
References
Hussein, A.A., Salim, R.D., and Sultan, A.A. (2011). Water absorption and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene/eggshell composite. J. Basrah Res. 37, 36–42.Suche in Google Scholar
ASTM D570 (2022). Standard test method for water absorption of plastics. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA.Suche in Google Scholar
ASTM D6980-09 (2009). Standard test method for determination of moisture in plastics by loss in weight. Annual book of ASTM standards, West Conshohocke, PA.Suche in Google Scholar
Auras, R., Harte, B., and Selke, S. (2004). An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol. Biosci. 4: 835–864, https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400043.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Bijarimi, M., Alya Azlan, S., Norazmi, M., Normaya, E., and Mat Desa, M.S.Z. (2023). Sustainable green poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/eggshell powder (ESP) biocomposites. Mater. Today Proc. 85: 83–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.265.Suche in Google Scholar
DeVerney, J.K., Lima, M.F.S., and Lenz, D.M. (2009). Properties of SBS and sisal fiber composites: ecological material for shoe manufacturing. Mater. Res. 11: 447–451, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392008000400012.Suche in Google Scholar
Feng, Y., Behl, M., Kelch, S., and Lendlein, A. (2009). Biodegradable multiblock copolymers based on oligodepsipeptides with shape-memory properties. Macromol. Biosci. 9: 45–54, https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200800199.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Feng, Y., Zhao, H., Jiao, L., Lu, J., Wang, H., and Guo, J. (2011). Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable, amorphous, soft IPNs with shape-memory effect. Polym. Adv. Technol. 23: 382–388, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1885.Suche in Google Scholar
Golakiya, G. and Cree, D. (2024). Valorization of purified agricultural brown eggshell by-product as filler in bio-epoxy composites. Waste Manage. Bull. 2: 306–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.02.006.Suche in Google Scholar
Hassan, S.B., Aigbodion, V.S., and Patrick, S.N. (2012). Development of polyester eggshell particulate composites. Tribol. Ind. 34: 217–225.Suche in Google Scholar
Kamarudin, S.H., Rayung, M., Abu, F., Ahmad, S., Fadil, F., Karim, A.A., Norizan, M.N., Sarifuddin, N., Mat Desa, M.S.Z., MohdBasri, M.S., et al.. (2022). A review on antimicrobial packaging from biodegradable polymer composites. Polymers 14: 174, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010174.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kumar, S.R. (2022). Effect of wood flour and nano‐SiO2 on stimulus response, mechanical, and thermal behavior of 3D printed polylactic acid composites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 33: 4197, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5851.Suche in Google Scholar
Kumar, S.R., Bhat, I.K., and Patnaik, A. (2017a). Novel dental composite material reinforced with silane functionalized microsized gypsum filler particles. Polym. Compos. 38: 404–415, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23599.Suche in Google Scholar
Kumar, S.R., Patnaik, A., and Bhat, I.K. (2017b). Development and characterization of marble dust-filled dental composite. J. Compos. Mater. 51: 1997–2008, https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316666334.Suche in Google Scholar
Laca, A., Laca, M., and Díaz, M. (2017). Eggshell waste as catalyst: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 197: 351–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.088.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Lien, Y.-C., Lai, S.-J., Lin, C.-Y., Wong, K.-P., Chang, M.S., and Wu, S.-H. (2022). High-efficiency decomposition of eggshell membrane by a keratinase from Meiothermus taiwanensis. Sci. Rep. 12: 14684, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18474-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mahato, P.L., Weatherby, T., Ewell, K., Jha, R., and Mishra, B. (2024). Scanning electron microscope-based evaluation of eggshell quality. Poult. Sci. 103: 103428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103428.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Moreira, M.N.L., Moreira, F.K.V., and Prata, A.S. (2024). Effect of adding micronized eggshell waste particles on the properties of biodegradable pectin/starch films. J. Clean. Product. 434: 140229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140229.Suche in Google Scholar
Oliveira, D.A., Benelli, P., and Amante, E.R. (2013). A literature review on adding value to solid residues: egg shells. J. Clean. Prod. 46: 42–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.045.Suche in Google Scholar
Sarmin, S.N., Jawaid, M., Zaki, S.A., Ali, M.R., Fouad, H., Khiari, R.S., Salim, R.S., and Salim, N. (2023). The effect of eggshell fillers on the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of date palm fibre reinforced bio-epoxy composites. J. Polym. Environ. 31: 5015–5027, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02924-9.Suche in Google Scholar
Sharma, R.K. and Kumar, S.R. (2024). Physicomechanical and erosion wear characterization of PLA/Jute fiber biocomposite. J. Elastomers Plast. 56: 121–140, https://doi.org/10.1177/00952443231221263.Suche in Google Scholar
Shekhawat, P., Sharma, G., and Singh, R.M. (2019). Strength behavior of alkaline activated eggshell powder and flyash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 223: 1112–1122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.325.Suche in Google Scholar
Tangboriboon, N., Mulsow, L., Sangwan, W., and Sirivat, A. (2018). Semi-rigid composite foams of calcium sodium aluminosilicate from eggshells embedded in olyurethane. Int. Polym. Process. 33: 2–12, https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3251.Suche in Google Scholar
Toro, Patricio, Quijad, Rau´ l, Mehrdad, Arias, and Luis, Jose´ (2007). Eggshell a new bio-filler for polypropylene composites. Mater. Lett. 61: 4347–4350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.102.Suche in Google Scholar
Waheed, M., Yousaf, M., Shehzad, A., Inam-Ur-Raheem, M., Khan, M.K.I., Khan, M.R., Ahmad, N., Abdullah, and Aadil, R.M. (2020). Channelling eggshell waste to valuable and utilizable products: a comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 106: 78–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Yu, C., Feng, J., Feng, K., Mo, Z., He, Y., Wang, Q., Yu, A., Leng, Z., Shi, P., and Liu, Y. (2023). Effect of multi‐epoxy compatibilizers with branched structures on enhancing mechanical and compatibility of PLA/starch composite. Polym. Adv. Technol. 34: 1622–1632, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5996.Suche in Google Scholar
Zotzmann, J., Behl, M., Feng, Y., and Lendlein, A. (2010). Copolymer networks based on poly(ω-pentadecalactone) and poly(ϵ-caprolactone)segments as a versatile triple-shape polymer system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20: 3583–3594, https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000478.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Estimation of friction and wear properties of additively manufactured recycled-ABS parts using artificial neural network approach: effects of layer thickness, infill rate, and building direction
- Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and wear properties of eggshell/PLA composites
- Impact of fiber diameter on mechanical and water absorption properties of short bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites
- Polyurethane foam reinforced with Ag nanoparticle decorated ZnO nanorods: a dual-functional approach for improved antibacterial and mechanical properties
- Synthesis and characterization of ethylenediamine-modified F-44 phenolic epoxy fiber
- Study on flame retardant properties and thermal stability of synergistically modified polyurethane foam with ammonium polyphosphate and barium phytate
- Investigation on the mechanical and moisture uptake properties of epoxy-Terminalia arjuna fiber natural composites containing nano-silica
- Tribo-mechanical and structural characterizations of LLDPE matrix bio-composite reinforced with almond shell micro-particles: effects of the processing methodology
- Influence of the injection velocity profile on the properties of injection moulded parts
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Estimation of friction and wear properties of additively manufactured recycled-ABS parts using artificial neural network approach: effects of layer thickness, infill rate, and building direction
- Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and wear properties of eggshell/PLA composites
- Impact of fiber diameter on mechanical and water absorption properties of short bamboo fiber-reinforced polyester composites
- Polyurethane foam reinforced with Ag nanoparticle decorated ZnO nanorods: a dual-functional approach for improved antibacterial and mechanical properties
- Synthesis and characterization of ethylenediamine-modified F-44 phenolic epoxy fiber
- Study on flame retardant properties and thermal stability of synergistically modified polyurethane foam with ammonium polyphosphate and barium phytate
- Investigation on the mechanical and moisture uptake properties of epoxy-Terminalia arjuna fiber natural composites containing nano-silica
- Tribo-mechanical and structural characterizations of LLDPE matrix bio-composite reinforced with almond shell micro-particles: effects of the processing methodology
- Influence of the injection velocity profile on the properties of injection moulded parts
