Home Evolution of the slopes of ST2 and galectin-3 during marathon and ultratrail running compared to a control group
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Evolution of the slopes of ST2 and galectin-3 during marathon and ultratrail running compared to a control group

  • Caroline Le Goff EMAIL logo , Jean-François Kaux , Jordi Farre Segura , Violeta Stojkovic , Arnaud Ancion , Laurence Seidel , Patrizio Lancellotti and Etienne Cavalier
Published/Copyright: October 17, 2019
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
From the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) Volume 58 Issue 2

Abstract

Background

Previous studies have suggested that exercising may induce cardiac damage. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) are very interesting biomarkers for heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. We aimed to compare the kinetics of emerging fibrosis cardiac biomarkers as Gal-3 and ST-2 in endurance runners, and recreational runners before and after a running event represented by a marathon and an ultratrail event.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from 19 healthy non-elite marathon runners (42 km), 27 ultratour runners (67 km), and 14 recreational runners who represented the control group (10 km) just before the run (T0), just after (T1) and 3 h after (T2), in order to analyze Gal-3, ST2, hsTnT, NT-proBNP, CKMB and hsCRP. We compared the percentage of evolution and the slopes obtained from T0 to T1 (pT0T1) and from T1 to T2 (pT1T2), between the different groups of runners participating in three different races.

Results

Plasma cardiac biomarker concentrations increased significantly from baseline to immediately post-exercise and most of the time decreased over the subsequent 3-h period. For pT0T1 and pT1T2, the markers Gal-3 and ST2 showed a significant difference between types of run (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). During the recovery time, Gal-3 returned to the baseline values but not ST2 which continued to increase.

Conclusions

Gal-3 and ST2 are considered as a reflection of cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. The evolution of both was different, particularly after the recovery time. ST2 values exceeding cutoff values at any time.

Keywords: fibrosis cardiac biomarkers; galectin-3; long distance running; marathon; running; ST2; ultratour

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

  5. Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

References

1. Wu AH, Wians F, Jaffe A. Biological variation of galectin-3 and soluble ST2 for chronic heart failure: implication on interpretation of test results. Am Heart J 2013;165:995–9.10.1016/j.ahj.2013.02.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Dumic J, Dabelic S, Flögel M. Galectin-3: an open-ended story. Biochim Biophys Acta – Gen Subj 2006;1760:616–35.10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.12.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Gruson D, Ko G. Galectins testing: new promises for the diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic diseases? Clin Biochem 2012;45:719–26.10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. de Boer RA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gansevoort RT, Muller Kobold AC, van Gilst WH, Hillege HL, et al. The fibrosis marker galectin-3 and outcome in the general population. J Intern Med 2012;272:55–64.10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02476.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Hrynchyshyn N, Jourdain P, Desnos M, Diebold B, Funck F. Galectin-3: a new biomarker for the diagnosis, analysis and prognosis of acute and chronic heart failure. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013;106:541–6.10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.054Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Gupta A, Ghimire G, Hage FG. Guidelines in review: 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. J Nucl Cardiol 2014;21:397–9.10.1007/s12350-013-9832-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Hättasch R, Spethmann S, de Boer RA, Ruifrok WP, Schattke S, Wagner M, et al. Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21:1192–9.10.1177/2047487313492069Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Trivax JE, Franklin BA, Goldstein JA, Chinnaiyan KM, Gallagher MJ, DeJong AT, et al. Acute cardiac effects of marathon running. J Appl Physiol 2010;108:1148–53.10.1152/japplphysiol.01151.2009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Peñafiel J, Lupón J, Zamora E, Urrutia A, Vila J, de Antonio M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;63:158–66.10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.087Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Miñana G, Núñez J, Bayés-Genís A, Revuelta-López E, Ríos-Navarro C, Núñez E, et al. ST2 and left ventricular remodeling after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 2018;270:336–42.10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.073Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Bayes-Genis A, Zhang Y, Ky B. ST2 and patient prognosis in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2015;115:64B–9.10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.01.043Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Bayes-Genis A, De Antonio M, Vila J, Peñafiel J, Galán A, Barallat J, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 2 myocardial fibrosis biomarkers for long-term heart failure risk stratification: ST2 versus galectin-3. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:158–66.10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.087Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Benjamin Dieplinger TM. Soluble ST2 in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2018;14:41–8.10.1016/j.hfc.2017.08.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Lavie CJ, Lee DC, Sui X, Arena R, O’Keefe JH, Church TS, et al. Effects of running on chronic diseases and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90:1541–52.10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Le Goff C, Laurent T, Kaux J-F, Chapelle J-P. Intense physical exercise related to the emergent generation of cardio-vascular risk markers: a review. Biol Sport 2012;29:11–6.10.5604/20831862.979290Search in Google Scholar

16. Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. Front Physiol 2018;9:634.10.3389/fphys.2018.00634Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Ž, Verschuren M, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012;33:1635–701.10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Baker P, Davies SL, Larkin J, Moult D, Benton S, Roberts A, et al. Changes to the cardiac biomarkers of non-elite athletes completing the 2009 London Marathon. Emerg Med J 2014;31:374–9.10.1136/emermed-2012-201465Search in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Salvagno GL, Schena F, Gelati M, Danese E, Cervellin G, Guidi GC, et al. The concentration of high-sensitivity troponin I, galectin-3 and NT-proBNP substantially increase after a 60-km ultramarathon. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52:267–72.10.1515/cclm-2013-0601Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Van de Schoor FR, Aengevaeren VL, Hopman MT, Oxborugh DL, George KP, Thompson PD. LJMU research online. J Appl Sport Psychol 2015;27:216–34.Search in Google Scholar

21. Legaz-Arrese A, George K, Carranza-García LE, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Moros-García T, Serrano-Ostáriz E. The impact of exercise intensity on the release of cardiac biomarkers in marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011;111:2961–7.10.1007/s00421-011-1922-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Serrano-Ostáriz E, et al. Impact of an endurance training program on exercise-induced cardiac biomarker release. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol 2015;308:H913–20.10.1152/ajpheart.00914.2014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Fallon KE, Sivyer G, Sivyer K, Dare A. The biochemistry of runners in a 1600 km ultramarathon. Br J Sports Med 1999;33:264–9.10.1136/bjsm.33.4.264Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Siegel AJ, Silverman LM, Holman BL. Elevated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels in marathon runners. Normal myocardial scintigrams suggest noncardiac source. J Am Med Assoc 1981;246:2049–51.10.1001/jama.246.18.2049Search in Google Scholar

25. Siegel AJ, Januzzi J, Sluss P, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Wood M, Shirey T, et al. Cardiac biomarkers, electrolytes, and other analytes in collapsed marathon runners. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;129:948–51.10.1309/4L0M60MGAQBCHMV7Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Meijers WC, van der Velde AR, de Boer RA. ST2 and Galectin-3: ready for prime time? eJIFCC 2016;27:238–52.Search in Google Scholar

27. Spethmann S, de Boer RA, Hättasch R, Knebel F, Schimke I, Borges AC, et al. Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;21:1192–9.10.1177/2047487313492069Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Salvagno GL, Schena F, Gelati M, Danese E, Cervellin G, Guidi GC, et al. The concentration of high-sensitivity troponin I, galectin-3 and NT-proBNP substantially increase after a 60-km ultramarathon. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52:267–72.10.1515/cclm-2013-0601Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Milting H, Ellinghaus P, Seewald M, Cakar H, Bohms B, Kassner A, et al. Plasma biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechanical circulatory support devices. J Hear Lung Transplant 2008;27:589–96.10.1016/j.healun.2008.02.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Le Goff C, Kaux J-F, Goffaux SB, Cavalier E. Cardiac biomarkers and cycling race. J Sport Sci Med 2015;14:475–6.Search in Google Scholar

31. Le Goff C, Lennartz L, Vranken L, Kaux J-F, Cavalier E. Comparison of cardiac biomarker dynamics in marathon, semi-marathon and untrained runners: what is the impact on results interpretation? J Lab Precis Med 2019;4:6.10.21037/jlpm.2019.01.04Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-06-05
Accepted: 2019-09-16
Published Online: 2019-10-17
Published in Print: 2020-01-28

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Towards a personalized assessment of vitamin D status
  4. Reviews
  5. Circulating tumor DNA and their added value in molecular oncology
  6. Telomere length determinants in childhood
  7. Opinion Papers
  8. Serum or plasma? An old question looking for new answers
  9. Evaluating sample stability in the clinical laboratory with the help of linear and non-linear regression analysis
  10. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  11. Simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)-vitamin D and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D to define cut-offs for CYP24A1 mutation and vitamin D deficiency in a population of 1200 young subjects
  12. How well do Croatian laboratories adhere to national recommendations for laboratory diagnostics of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
  13. Underfilling of vacuum blood collection tubes leads to increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in serum and heparin plasma samples
  14. Calcium state estimation by total calcium: the evidence to end the never-ending story
  15. The use of faecal immunochemical testing in the decision-making process for the endoscopic investigation of iron deficiency anaemia
  16. Measurement uncertainty of β-lactam antibiotics results: estimation and clinical impact on therapeutic drug monitoring
  17. Practical approach to method verification in plasma and validation in cerebrospinal fluid under accreditation using a flexible scope in molecular virology: setting up the HIV, HBV and HCV Aptima™ Quant Dx assays
  18. Plasma neurofilament light chain is associated with mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
  19. Comparison of the diagnostic performance of two automated urine sediment analyzers with manual phase-contrast microscopy
  20. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods to measure tobramycin and lincomycin in plasma, microdialysis fluid and urine: application to a pilot pharmacokinetic research study
  21. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  22. Cord blood S100B: reference ranges and interest for early identification of newborns with brain injury
  23. Hematology and Coagulation
  24. Validation and standardization of the ETP-based activated protein C resistance test for the clinical investigation of steroid contraceptives in women: an unmet clinical and regulatory need
  25. Cancer Diagnostics
  26. Next-generation sequencing for tumor mutation quantification using liquid biopsies
  27. Cardiovascular Diseases
  28. Evolution of the slopes of ST2 and galectin-3 during marathon and ultratrail running compared to a control group
  29. Letters to the Editor
  30. Biological variation of two serum markers for preeclampsia prediction
  31. Daily monitoring of a control material with a concentration near the limit of detection improves the measurement accuracy of highly sensitive troponin assays
  32. Are patients adequately informed about procedures for 24-h urine collection?
  33. Interferences in free thyroxine concentration using the Roche analytical platform: improvement of the third generation?
  34. Procedures for the diagnosis of macro-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in a patient with high serum FSH concentrations
  35. False-positive result of immunochromatographic (IC) strip test for the diagnosis of α-thalassemia in samples with autoantibodies
  36. Sample dilution for soluble interleukin-2 receptor α measurement: comparison of two different matrices
  37. The growing problem of predatory publishing: a case report
  38. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels according to the site of puncture
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0555
Keywords for this article
fibrosis cardiac biomarkers; galectin-3; long distance running; marathon; running; ST2; ultratour

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Towards a personalized assessment of vitamin D status
  4. Reviews
  5. Circulating tumor DNA and their added value in molecular oncology
  6. Telomere length determinants in childhood
  7. Opinion Papers
  8. Serum or plasma? An old question looking for new answers
  9. Evaluating sample stability in the clinical laboratory with the help of linear and non-linear regression analysis
  10. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  11. Simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)-vitamin D and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D to define cut-offs for CYP24A1 mutation and vitamin D deficiency in a population of 1200 young subjects
  12. How well do Croatian laboratories adhere to national recommendations for laboratory diagnostics of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
  13. Underfilling of vacuum blood collection tubes leads to increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in serum and heparin plasma samples
  14. Calcium state estimation by total calcium: the evidence to end the never-ending story
  15. The use of faecal immunochemical testing in the decision-making process for the endoscopic investigation of iron deficiency anaemia
  16. Measurement uncertainty of β-lactam antibiotics results: estimation and clinical impact on therapeutic drug monitoring
  17. Practical approach to method verification in plasma and validation in cerebrospinal fluid under accreditation using a flexible scope in molecular virology: setting up the HIV, HBV and HCV Aptima™ Quant Dx assays
  18. Plasma neurofilament light chain is associated with mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
  19. Comparison of the diagnostic performance of two automated urine sediment analyzers with manual phase-contrast microscopy
  20. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods to measure tobramycin and lincomycin in plasma, microdialysis fluid and urine: application to a pilot pharmacokinetic research study
  21. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  22. Cord blood S100B: reference ranges and interest for early identification of newborns with brain injury
  23. Hematology and Coagulation
  24. Validation and standardization of the ETP-based activated protein C resistance test for the clinical investigation of steroid contraceptives in women: an unmet clinical and regulatory need
  25. Cancer Diagnostics
  26. Next-generation sequencing for tumor mutation quantification using liquid biopsies
  27. Cardiovascular Diseases
  28. Evolution of the slopes of ST2 and galectin-3 during marathon and ultratrail running compared to a control group
  29. Letters to the Editor
  30. Biological variation of two serum markers for preeclampsia prediction
  31. Daily monitoring of a control material with a concentration near the limit of detection improves the measurement accuracy of highly sensitive troponin assays
  32. Are patients adequately informed about procedures for 24-h urine collection?
  33. Interferences in free thyroxine concentration using the Roche analytical platform: improvement of the third generation?
  34. Procedures for the diagnosis of macro-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in a patient with high serum FSH concentrations
  35. False-positive result of immunochromatographic (IC) strip test for the diagnosis of α-thalassemia in samples with autoantibodies
  36. Sample dilution for soluble interleukin-2 receptor α measurement: comparison of two different matrices
  37. The growing problem of predatory publishing: a case report
  38. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels according to the site of puncture
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 1.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2019-0555/html
Scroll to top button