Risk factors of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with cervical cancer
-
Chunchun Wu
Abstract
Objectives
To explore the risk factors related to regional lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer and analyze the value of independent risk factors in predicting regional lymph node metastasis.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 699 patients who underwent surgery for stage IB1–IIA2 cervical cancer in Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University from 2010 to 2016. The patients were divided into metastasis (n = 92) and non-metastasis (n = 607) groups based on the postoperative pathology of regional lymph node status. The relevant clinicopathological features of the metastasis and non-metastasis groups were compared through variance analysis and chi-square tests. Logistic regression was adopted to screen relevant independent risk factors of regional lymph node metastasis.
Results
In univariate analysis, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages, serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), histological type of squamous carcinoma and maximal tumor diameter were related factors for lymphatic metastasis in patients with cervical cancer. In multivariate analysis, SCC-Ag and histological type of squamous carcinoma were independent prognostic factors for lymphatic metastasis in patients with cervical cancer. Pre-treatment SCC-Ag serum levels, as a predictor of lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer, revealed a sensitivity of 62.07% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.03–72.62%), specificity of 65.15% (59.07–70.89%), and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.61–0.76).
Conclusions
Cervical cancer patients whose pathological type is squamous carcinoma with high levels of SSC-Ag pre-operation are more likely to be diagnosed with regional lymph node metastasis. Standardized lymph node dissection should be implemented during operation.
1 Introduction
At present, the standard operation for stage IB1–IIA2 cervical cancer is radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with improved 5-year survival rate after operation [1]. Most patients are found to be with negative lymph nodes after postoperative pathology, and an early clinical stage means a low probability of developing lymph node metastasis [2]. Disputes on whether the lymph node should be resected for cervical cancer patients, especially those with locally advanced cervical cancer, are common [3, 4, 5]. If lymph node metastasis can be accurately predicted before surgery, lymph node-negative patients can avoid unnecessary lymph node dissection and the prognosis of such patients may be improved. However, a perfect biological model that can be used to predict regional lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer before operation is unavailable yet. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data on patients who underwent surgery for IB1–IIA2 cervical cancer in Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University from 2010 to 2016. Logistic regression was adopted to screen the independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer. The risk factors obtained may serve as a useful reference for exploring and predicting the clinical value of lymph node metastasis.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Patients
We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 699 patients who underwent IB1–IIA2 cervical cancer surgery in Quanzhou First Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University from 2010 to 2016 (Figure 1). The patients were divided into the metastasis group (n = 92) and the non-metastasis group (n = 607) based on the postoperative pathology examination. The inclusion criteria of the patients were as follows: (1) primary tumor occurring in the cervix with a clear pathological diagnosis; (2) details of the patient’s clinical baseline conditions, such as age, medical records, previous treatment, were complete; (3) clinical stage of IB1–IIA2; (4) patient underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy; and (5) no distant metastasis of the lung, liver, and abdomen during preoperative examination. The exclusion criteria of the patients were: (1) incomplete medical record; (2) no implementation of lymph node dissection; (3) peritoneal dissemination of the tumor or distant metastasis; and (4) no implementation of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inspection before operation.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cervical cancer and local regional metastatic lymph nodes. A: Coronal view of MRI showing lymph node metastases to the right iliac artery and uneven enhancement. B: Axis view enhancement showing the location of metastatic lymph nodes. C: Sagittal view of cervical cancer. D: Axis view t2-weighted imaging (T2WI) showed the right iliac artery para metastatic lymph node, partial liquefaction and necrosis.
Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Quanzhou First Hospital’s.
2.2 Clinical data collection
Two researchers independently included medical records according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Medical records under dispute were discussed by the two researchers to decide whether the data could be included in the study. The excerpted clinical data of patients included age, menopause history, pregnancy history, clinical stage, pelvic MRI results, pathological data (pathological type, differentiation, and maximum tumor diameter), and whether neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was applied before operation. The clinical database was cross-checked by the two researchers.
2.3 Research and quality control
Selective bias control: To reduce or prevent inclusion bias arising from the inclusion process of medical records, we trained the two personnel responsible for accepting the medical records based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and excerpting information by using a 10-point standard. Bias measurement control: a uniform scale was used for data inputs, and different diagnoses or evaluation standards of cases were converted. Confounding bias control: single-factor chi-square inspection was applied to screen factors that may be relevant to regional lymph node metastasis. Possible factors were then input into a logistic regression equation to calculate independent risk factors and remove confounding factors.
2.4 Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences17.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. The measurement data was expressed with x ± s and the comparison between groups was made based on the t-test of the sample mean. The enumeration data were shown with a relative number, and the comparison between groups was made based on the c2 or Fisher’s exact test. Univariate analysis was performed for each candidate variable and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify which factors were associated with the prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) concentration as a biomarker for local regional lymph node metastasis. As in the previous analysis, P<0.05 indicated a statistical difference.
3 Results
3.1 Clinicopathological features of the metastasis and non-metastasis groups
Data in the cervical cancer lymph node metastasis and non-metastasis groups differed in terms of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (p < 0.05), serum concentration of SCC-Ag (p < 0.05), histological type (p < 0.05), and maximum tumor diameter (p < 0.05), see Table 1.
General characteristics of the two groups, metastasis and non-metastasis, of patients under treatment for cervical cancer (2010–2016).
| Characteristics | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-metastasis (n=607) | Metastasis (n=92) | ||
| Age (year) | 46.98±9.71 | 45.22±8.12 | 0.099 |
| Education [n] | 0.722 | ||
| Illiteracy or primary school | 285 | 46 | |
| Junior middle school | 218 | 36 | |
| Senior high school | 74 | 10 | |
| College | 28 | 2 | |
| Height (cm) | 159.08±6.06 | 158.83±3.06 | 0.928 |
| Weight (kg) | 61.14±9.40 | 62.48±8.96 | 0.227 |
| Gravidity | 3.79±1.93 | 3.64±1.78 | 0.499 |
| Parity | 2.42±1.30 | 2.23±1.05 | 0.188 |
| FIGO stage | 0.013 | ||
| IB1 | 356 | 39 | |
| IB2 | 103 | 24 | |
| IIA1 | 94 | 15 | |
| IIA2 | 54 | 14 | |
| Serum SCC-Ag (μg/L) | 3.01±4.98 | 7.10±11.21 | <0.001 |
| Pathology type | 0.002 | ||
| Non-squamous cell carcinoma | 107 | 4 | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 500 | 88 | |
| Tumor gross type | 0.51 | ||
| Exogenic | 391 | 56 | |
| Endogenetic | 197 | 29 | |
| Ulcerative | 15 | 5 | |
| Others | 5 | 1 | |
| Tumor differentiation | 0.578 | ||
| Well | 21 | 0 | |
| Well to Moderate | 29 | 6 | |
| Moderate | 271 | 38 | |
| Moderate to Poor | 154 | 29 | |
| Poor | 126 | 25 | |
| Tumor diameter (cm) | 3.56±1.34 | 4.05±1.46 | 0.001 |
| Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy | 0.068 | ||
| Negative | 503 | 69 | |
| Positive | 104 | 23 | |
FIGO : International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics;
SCC-Ag: squamous cell carcinoma antigen
3.2 Analysis of relevant pre-treatment factors influencing lymph node metastasis
Single-factor analysis showed that FIGO stage, serum SCC-Ag, histological type, and maximum tumor diameter were related to lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum SCC-Ag >2.5 μg/L [OR = 1.072 (1.028–1.119)] before treatment and histological type of squamous cell carcinoma [OR = 4.147 (1.251–13.742)] were independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer, see Table 2.
Risk factors relevant to local regional lymph node metastasis by logistic regression in patients under treatment for cervical cancer (2010–2016).
| Characteristics | Single factor analysis | Multifactor analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age | 0.980 (0.957-1.004) | 0.100 | NA | NA |
| Education | 0.898 (0.628-1.181) | 0.441 | NA | NA |
| Height | 0.991 (0.818–1.199) | 0.922 | NA | NA |
| Weight | 1.016 (0.990–1.042) | 0.225 | NA | NA |
| Gravidity | 0.958 (0.846–1.085) | 0.497 | NA | NA |
| Parity | 0.874 (0.717–1.066) | 0.184 | NA | NA |
| FIGO stage | 1.374 (1.131–1.669) | 0.001 | 1.036 (0.758–1.415) | 0.825 |
| Serum SCC-Ag | 2.255 (1.328–3.828) | ＜0.001 | 1.072 (1.028–1.119) | 0.001 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 4.708 (1.692–13.102) | 0.012 | 4.147 (1.251–13.742) | 0.020 |
| Tumor differentiation | 1.220 (0.896–1.662) | 0.207 | ||
| Tumor diameter | 1.299 (1.107–1.524) | 0.001 | 1.137 (0.874–1.479) | 0.337 |
FIGO: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; SCC-Ag: squamous cell carcinoma antigen; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NA: not applicable
3.3 Value of pre-treatment serum SCC-Ag levels in predicting cervical cancer lymph node metastasis
The use of pre-treatment SCC-Ag serum concentration as a predictor of lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer reveals a sensitivity of 62.07% (95% CI: 51.03–72.62%), specificity of 65.15% (59.07–70.89%), and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.61–0.76), see Figure 2.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) as a biomarker for local regional lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer patients. Area under the curve (AUC) = 0.69.
4 Discussion
Clinical stage is the most important factor influencing cervical cancer prognosis [5, 6, 7]. The major route of cervical cancer metastasis is lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis poses a considerable influence on cervical cancer prognosis. Radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node lymphadenectomy are effective treatment modalities for cervical cancer. When lymph node metastasis is found in the postoperative pathology examination, radiochemotherapy is added to the treatment plan to decrease the recurrence and mortality rate of early cervical cancer. However, the 5-year survival rate of pelvic lymph
node metastasis patients is still considerably lower than that of patients with non-pelvic lymph node metastasis [2]. Therefore, different views exist regarding whether pelvic lymph node lymphadenectomy is needed for successful cervical cancer treatment. Some doctors do not perform pelvic lymph node lymphadenectomy because of difficulties associated with completely dissecting the lymph node, especially since most pelvic lymph node-positive patients show metastasis near the abdominal aorta. Under such circumstances, the benefit–risk ratio
of these patients is low. About 80–90% of cervical cancer patients do not experience pelvic lymph node metastasis. The results of a multi-center random clinical study showed that, when technological conditions permit, surgical treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer patients was safe [8]. Therefore, prediction of lymph node metastasis before treatment plays an important role in guiding individual treatment and prompting patient prognosis.
Researchers have discovered that lymph vascular space invasion, invasion depth of the cervical matrix, maximum tumor diameter, clinical stage, and serum SCC-Ag concentrations are related to lymph node metastasis [9, 10]. Our results showed that the pre-treatment factors influencing lymph node metastasis include clinical stage, serum SCC-Ag concentration, histological type of squamous carcinoma, and maximum tumor diameter. Among these factors, serum SCC-Ag concentration and histological type of squamous carcinoma are independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis. Current research indicates that the lymph node metastasis rates of the IB and IIA stages are about 16% and 19%, respectively[10]. Single-factor analysis showed that stage and maximum tumor diameter are risk factors of lymph node metastasis but not the independent risk factors, which is consistent with the research results of Zhao Deying et al. [11]. This finding indicates that lymph node metastasis is caused by cervical cancer of the IB–IIA stages and maximum tumor diameter through high level of serum SCC-Ag, in agreement with the conclusions of Ohara [12] and Kim
[13], who associated serum SCC-Ag expression with tumor size.
SCC-Ag is a subtype of tumor associated antigen TA-4. Normal squamous cells produce low levels of SCC-Ag, whereas cancerous squamous cells produce high levels of the antigen, making the antigen an important marker of cervical cancer [14]. Research shows that, as SCC-Ag serum concentrations increase, the FIGO stages of cervical cancer, maximum tumor diameter, and matrix invasion depth become more associated with lymph node metastasis [13, 15, 16]. The metastasis route of cervical cancer is mainly lymphatic metastasis; hematogenous metastasis is rarely seen. The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous carcinoma, which is consistent with a previous study [17] that found that squamous carcinoma mainly occurs through lymphatic metastasis whereas adenocarcinoma mainly occurs through hematogenous metastasis. Therefore, the present work finds that serum SCC-Ag concentration and histological type of squamous carcinoma are independent risk factors influencing lymph node metastasis.
Pre-treatment serum SCC-Ag concentrations can be used to predict lymph node metastasis but with low sensitivity and specificity. Given that the current work only considers pre-treatment clinical factors in analyzing the relevant factors influencing lymph node metastasis, the diagnostic value of lymph node metastasis could be of less importance than postoperative pathology and other factors. Finally, the results present some significance in predicting the lymph node metastasis condition before treatment, selecting the operation mode, and influencing the decision to complete standardized lymph node dissection.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest
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© 2019 Chunchun Wu et al., published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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- Effect of platelet-rich plasma on implant bone defects in rabbits through the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
- The diagnostic efficacy of thrombelastography (TEG) in patients with preeclampsia and its association with blood coagulation
- Value of NSE and S100 Protein of Kawasaki Disease with aseptic meningitis in Infant
- CB2 receptor agonist JWH133 activates AMPK to inhibit growth of C6 glioma cells
- The effects of various mouthwashes on osteoblast precursor cells
- Co-downregulation of GRP78 and GRP94 induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in prostate cancer cells
- SKA3 up-regulation promotes lung adenocarcinoma growth and is a predictor of poor prognosis
- Protective effects and mechanisms of microRNA-182 on oxidative stress in RHiN
- A case of syphilis with high bone arsenic concentration from early modern cemetery (Wroclaw, Poland)
- Study of LBHD1 Expression with Invasion and Migration of Bladder Cancer
- 1-Hydroxy-8-methoxy-anthraquinon reverses cisplatin resistance by inhibiting 6PGD in cancer cells
- Andrographolide as a therapeutic agent against breast and ovarian cancers
- Accumulation of α-2,6-sialyoglycoproteins in the muscle sarcoplasm due to Trichinella sp. invasion
- Astragalus polysaccharides protects thapsigargin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in HT29 cells
- IGF-1 via PI3K/Akt/S6K signaling pathway protects DRG neurons with high glucose-induced toxicity
- Intra-arterial tirofiban in a male nonagenarian with acute ischemic stroke: A case report
- Effects of Huaiqihuang Granules adjuvant therapy in children with primary nephrotic syndrome
- Immune negative regulator TIPE2 inhibits cervical squamous cancer progression through Erk1/2 signaling
- Asymptomatic mediastinal extra-adrenal paraganglioma as a cause of sudden death: a case Report
- Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of appendix invading urinary bladder with a fistula: a case report
- Minocycline attenuates experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats
- Neural Remodeling of the Left Atrium in rats by Rosuvastatin following Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Protective effects of emodin on lung injuries in rat models of liver fibrosis
- RHOA and mDia1 promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells via a high dose of doxorubicin treatment
- Bacteria co-colonizing with Clostridioides difficile in two asymptomatic patients
- A allele of ICAM-1 rs5498 and VCAM-1 rs3181092 is correlated with increased risk for periodontal disease
- Treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients with clear cell renal carcinoma: a case report
- Edaravone exerts brain protective function by reducing the expression of AQP4, APP and Aβ proteins
- Correlation between neutrophil count and prognosis in STEMI patients with chronic renal dysfunction: a retrospective cohort study
- Bioinformatic analysis reveals GSG2 as a potential target for breast cancer therapy
- Nuciferine prevents hepatic steatosis by regulating lipid metabolismin diabetic rat model
- Analysis of SEC24D gene in breast cancer based on UALCAN database
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Co-cultured Bone-marrow Derived and Tendon Stem Cells: Novel Seed Cells for Bone Regeneration
- Animal Sciences
- Comparative analysis of gut microbiota among the male, female and pregnant giant pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)
- Adaptive immunity and skin wound healing in amphibian adults
- Hox genes polymorphism depicts developmental disruption of common sole eggs
- The prevalence of virulence genes and multidrug resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from dogs
- Agriculture
- Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation on production performance and fecal microbial composition in laying hens
- Identification of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Selected Wheat Cultivars and Development of Multiplex PCR
- Determining Potential Feed Value and Silage Quality of Guar Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Silages
- Food Science
- Effect of Thermal Processing on Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Waste Potato Juice
