Batteries for fast frequency containment response: market impacts on outage dynamics
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Christoph Sauer
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João Pedro Scherer Cipriani
Abstract
Traditional sources like hydro and thermal plants have a well-defined response for inertia and frequency containment during load outages, whereas inverter-interfaced battery systems offer more flexibility as ancillary services. This paper investigates interactions between sources of Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) after an outage. By integrating a node model, market model, and inverter controller model, the German power plant fleet is simulated, incorporating various energy sources and k-factors. This setup evaluates how different battery participation rates in the FCR market influence system behavior and prices during an outage. The results show that battery storage systems, operating as grid-forming systems like Virtual Synchronous Machines, are particularly efficient for stabilizing frequency due to fast responses. This paper contributes to understanding how battery storage enhances grid stability and market efficiency.
Zusammenfassung
Herkömmliche Energiequellen wie Wasser- und Wärmekraftwerke verfügen über eine genau definierte Reaktion für Momentanreserve und Primärregelleistung bei Lastausfällen, während umrichtergestützte Batteriesysteme mehr Flexibilität als Frequenzdienste bieten. In diesem Beitrag werden die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Energiequellen der Primärregelleistung (PRL) nach einem Ausfall untersucht. Durch die Integration eines Knotenmodells, eines Marktmodells und eines realen Wechselrichtermodells wird der deutsche Kraftwerkspark unter Einbeziehung verschiedener Energiequellen und k-Faktoren simuliert. Auf diese Weise wird untersucht, wie sich unterschiedliche Beteiligungsraten von Batterien am PRL-Markt auf das Systemverhalten und die Preise während eines Stromausfalls auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Batteriespeichersysteme, die als netzbildende Systeme wie virtuelle Synchronmaschinen betrieben werden, aufgrund ihrer schnellen Reaktion besonders effizient zur Frequenzstabilisierung sind. Diese Arbeit trägt dazu bei zu verstehen, wie Batteriespeicher die Netzstabilität und Markteffizienz verbessern.
About the authors
Christoph Sauer completed his Bachelor's degree in September 2021 in Industrial Engineering and Management for Electrical Engineering and Information Technology at Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. He then completed a Master's degree there from 2021 to 2023, specialising in electrical power engineering. He has been working as a research associate at the Chair of Electrical Grids and Renewable Energy since October 2023. His research focuses on energy markets, the balancing power market with a focus on instantaneous reserve and system stability.
João Pedro Scherer Cipriani earned a technical degree in Electrotechnics from the Industrial Technical College of Santa Maria (2014) and a degree in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) in 2019. In the same year, he completed a Supervised Curricular Internship at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Dresden, Germany. He completed his master's degree at UFSM in Electrical Engineering, focusing on Power Electronics, and is currently pursuing his doctorate with a Sandwich Program at Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany. Since 2015, he has been a member of the GSEC, researching Power Electronics integration with Power Systems, particularly smart loads, resonant converters, and inertial emulated response from inverters.
Gabriel Maier Cocco received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Pampa, Brazil, in 2018, and his M.Sc. degree from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil, in 2021. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate with co-supervision at UFSM, with the Power Electronics and Control Research Group, and at Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany, with the Chair of Electric Networks and Renewable Energy. His research interests include renewable power generation and conditioning, as well as modeling and control of power converters.
Humberto Pinheiro (Member, IEEE) received the Engineering degree in electrical Engineer from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil, in 1983, the Master of Engineering degree from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, 1987, and the Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, in 1999. From 1987 to 1999, he was a Research Engineer with Brazilian UPS Company and a Professor with the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. Since 1991, he has been with UFSM. His research interests include modulation and control of static converters for distributed energy resources.
Martin Wolter received his diploma in electrical engineering in 2006, his Dr.-Ing degree in 2008 and his venia legendi in 2012 all from Leibniz University Hannover. From 2011 to 2015 he worked at 50Hertz Transmission GmbH in system operation concept development. Since 2015, he has been head of the chair of Electric Networks and Renewable Energy at Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. His research topics are power system modelling and simulation, system security and system operation as well as power system dynamics.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
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© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Resilient energy supply in times of crises and transition
- Methods
- Batteries for fast frequency containment response: market impacts on outage dynamics
- Synthesis of speed controllers by the polynomial equations method for an unstable electromechanical object
- Optimal power dispatch in microgrids using mixed-integer linear programming
- Review on peak detect and hold circuits and their applicability in partial discharge detection
- Applications
- Analysis of the degree of correlation of spatial distribution of electricity theft and exogenous variables: case study of Florianopolis, Brazil
- Linear transverse flux generator for wave energy conversion: design optimization and analysis
- Improving quality of electricity generated by grid-tied inverters in solar power plants in low generated power mode using frequency adaptive PWM
- Survey
- Regional marketing mechanisms for industrial energy flexibility enabled by service-oriented IT platforms
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Resilient energy supply in times of crises and transition
- Methods
- Batteries for fast frequency containment response: market impacts on outage dynamics
- Synthesis of speed controllers by the polynomial equations method for an unstable electromechanical object
- Optimal power dispatch in microgrids using mixed-integer linear programming
- Review on peak detect and hold circuits and their applicability in partial discharge detection
- Applications
- Analysis of the degree of correlation of spatial distribution of electricity theft and exogenous variables: case study of Florianopolis, Brazil
- Linear transverse flux generator for wave energy conversion: design optimization and analysis
- Improving quality of electricity generated by grid-tied inverters in solar power plants in low generated power mode using frequency adaptive PWM
- Survey
- Regional marketing mechanisms for industrial energy flexibility enabled by service-oriented IT platforms
