10 Negation and negative expressions
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Giuliano Bernini
Abstract
The expressions coding negative polarity in semantically negative sentences are comparatively considered in the six standard Romance languages Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and Romanian, comprising standard negative markers, postverbal markers, focalisers, conjunctions, paradigms of indefinite pronouns, determiners and adverbs, and holophrastic items. In both strict and non-strict systems of negative concord, negative expressions show permeability of the boundaries of word classes they may be attributed to, depending on the range of functions they carry out. The degree of versatility is determined according to their syntactic behaviour, their semantic content besides negation, and the pragmatic effect triggered in different constructions. Most versatile are standard markers appearing as logical operators, focalisers, and interactional markers. Less versatile are holophrastic items employed as prosentences and interjections, no versatile are indefinite animate pronouns and time and space indefinite adverbs.
Abstract
The expressions coding negative polarity in semantically negative sentences are comparatively considered in the six standard Romance languages Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and Romanian, comprising standard negative markers, postverbal markers, focalisers, conjunctions, paradigms of indefinite pronouns, determiners and adverbs, and holophrastic items. In both strict and non-strict systems of negative concord, negative expressions show permeability of the boundaries of word classes they may be attributed to, depending on the range of functions they carry out. The degree of versatility is determined according to their syntactic behaviour, their semantic content besides negation, and the pragmatic effect triggered in different constructions. Most versatile are standard markers appearing as logical operators, focalisers, and interactional markers. Less versatile are holophrastic items employed as prosentences and interjections, no versatile are indefinite animate pronouns and time and space indefinite adverbs.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Manuals of Romance Linguistics V
- Table of Contents VII
- Abbreviations XI
- Introduction 1
-
I. Romance word classes: theoretical and historical foundations
- 1 Theoretical foundation for a classification of words 13
- 2 How to classify words 41
- 3 Word classes in the history of Western grammar 69
- 4 Parts of speech in the Romance grammars of the Renaissance 97
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II. Word classes in the major Romance languages
- 5 Nouns 117
- 6 Adjectives 147
- 7 Determiners 177
- 8 Pronouns 207
- 9 Quantifiers 237
- 10 Negation and negative expressions 265
- 11 Verb classes 297
- 12 Auxiliary verbs 325
- 13 Grammatical categories of the verb 345
- 14 Verbal categories expressing syntactic dependencies 367
- 15 Adverbs 401
- 16 Focalisers 431
- 17 Modal particles 449
- 18 Prepositions 471
- 19 Conjunctions 499
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III. Word classes in smaller Romance varieties
- 20 Word classes in Occitan 527
- 21 Word classes in Sardinian 549
- 22 Word classes in Romansh 575
- 23 Word classes in Ladin 607
- 24 Word classes in Northern Italian dialects 633
- 25 Word classes in Southern Italian dialects 661
- 26 Word classes in Romance-related Creoles 689
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IV. Romance word classes and their interfaces: new horizons
- 27 Word classes and psycholinguistics 725
- 28 Word classes and learner varieties 743
- 29 Word classes and corpus linguistics 769
- 30 Word classes and neurolinguistics 797
- 31 Exploring the behaviour of connectives within a textometric perspective 819
- Index 843
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Manuals of Romance Linguistics V
- Table of Contents VII
- Abbreviations XI
- Introduction 1
-
I. Romance word classes: theoretical and historical foundations
- 1 Theoretical foundation for a classification of words 13
- 2 How to classify words 41
- 3 Word classes in the history of Western grammar 69
- 4 Parts of speech in the Romance grammars of the Renaissance 97
-
II. Word classes in the major Romance languages
- 5 Nouns 117
- 6 Adjectives 147
- 7 Determiners 177
- 8 Pronouns 207
- 9 Quantifiers 237
- 10 Negation and negative expressions 265
- 11 Verb classes 297
- 12 Auxiliary verbs 325
- 13 Grammatical categories of the verb 345
- 14 Verbal categories expressing syntactic dependencies 367
- 15 Adverbs 401
- 16 Focalisers 431
- 17 Modal particles 449
- 18 Prepositions 471
- 19 Conjunctions 499
-
III. Word classes in smaller Romance varieties
- 20 Word classes in Occitan 527
- 21 Word classes in Sardinian 549
- 22 Word classes in Romansh 575
- 23 Word classes in Ladin 607
- 24 Word classes in Northern Italian dialects 633
- 25 Word classes in Southern Italian dialects 661
- 26 Word classes in Romance-related Creoles 689
-
IV. Romance word classes and their interfaces: new horizons
- 27 Word classes and psycholinguistics 725
- 28 Word classes and learner varieties 743
- 29 Word classes and corpus linguistics 769
- 30 Word classes and neurolinguistics 797
- 31 Exploring the behaviour of connectives within a textometric perspective 819
- Index 843
