8 Pronouns
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Anna Cardinaletti
Abstract
Pronouns stand for noun phrases or phrases of other categories. Personal pronouns may encode nominal features (animacy, case, gender) and enter feature sharing relations with elements occurring sentence-internally or in the discourse. The common property of Romance languages is the presence of adverbal clitic pronouns in addition to strong pronouns. In spite of being adverbal, clitic pronouns are not verbal affixes but must be considered as independent words. Clitic pronouns derive from Latin weak pronouns. Weak pronouns were attested in older stages of Romance languages and are still found in some modern Romance languages. Pronouns may be classified into subclasses depending on the grammatical features they realise. In addition to personal pronouns, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and indefinite pronouns are found. Like personal pronouns, these subclasses may be realised in different formats (clitic, weak, strong), suggesting that the two classifications are orthogonal.
Abstract
Pronouns stand for noun phrases or phrases of other categories. Personal pronouns may encode nominal features (animacy, case, gender) and enter feature sharing relations with elements occurring sentence-internally or in the discourse. The common property of Romance languages is the presence of adverbal clitic pronouns in addition to strong pronouns. In spite of being adverbal, clitic pronouns are not verbal affixes but must be considered as independent words. Clitic pronouns derive from Latin weak pronouns. Weak pronouns were attested in older stages of Romance languages and are still found in some modern Romance languages. Pronouns may be classified into subclasses depending on the grammatical features they realise. In addition to personal pronouns, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and indefinite pronouns are found. Like personal pronouns, these subclasses may be realised in different formats (clitic, weak, strong), suggesting that the two classifications are orthogonal.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Manuals of Romance Linguistics V
- Table of Contents VII
- Abbreviations XI
- Introduction 1
-
I. Romance word classes: theoretical and historical foundations
- 1 Theoretical foundation for a classification of words 13
- 2 How to classify words 41
- 3 Word classes in the history of Western grammar 69
- 4 Parts of speech in the Romance grammars of the Renaissance 97
-
II. Word classes in the major Romance languages
- 5 Nouns 117
- 6 Adjectives 147
- 7 Determiners 177
- 8 Pronouns 207
- 9 Quantifiers 237
- 10 Negation and negative expressions 265
- 11 Verb classes 297
- 12 Auxiliary verbs 325
- 13 Grammatical categories of the verb 345
- 14 Verbal categories expressing syntactic dependencies 367
- 15 Adverbs 401
- 16 Focalisers 431
- 17 Modal particles 449
- 18 Prepositions 471
- 19 Conjunctions 499
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III. Word classes in smaller Romance varieties
- 20 Word classes in Occitan 527
- 21 Word classes in Sardinian 549
- 22 Word classes in Romansh 575
- 23 Word classes in Ladin 607
- 24 Word classes in Northern Italian dialects 633
- 25 Word classes in Southern Italian dialects 661
- 26 Word classes in Romance-related Creoles 689
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IV. Romance word classes and their interfaces: new horizons
- 27 Word classes and psycholinguistics 725
- 28 Word classes and learner varieties 743
- 29 Word classes and corpus linguistics 769
- 30 Word classes and neurolinguistics 797
- 31 Exploring the behaviour of connectives within a textometric perspective 819
- Index 843
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Manuals of Romance Linguistics V
- Table of Contents VII
- Abbreviations XI
- Introduction 1
-
I. Romance word classes: theoretical and historical foundations
- 1 Theoretical foundation for a classification of words 13
- 2 How to classify words 41
- 3 Word classes in the history of Western grammar 69
- 4 Parts of speech in the Romance grammars of the Renaissance 97
-
II. Word classes in the major Romance languages
- 5 Nouns 117
- 6 Adjectives 147
- 7 Determiners 177
- 8 Pronouns 207
- 9 Quantifiers 237
- 10 Negation and negative expressions 265
- 11 Verb classes 297
- 12 Auxiliary verbs 325
- 13 Grammatical categories of the verb 345
- 14 Verbal categories expressing syntactic dependencies 367
- 15 Adverbs 401
- 16 Focalisers 431
- 17 Modal particles 449
- 18 Prepositions 471
- 19 Conjunctions 499
-
III. Word classes in smaller Romance varieties
- 20 Word classes in Occitan 527
- 21 Word classes in Sardinian 549
- 22 Word classes in Romansh 575
- 23 Word classes in Ladin 607
- 24 Word classes in Northern Italian dialects 633
- 25 Word classes in Southern Italian dialects 661
- 26 Word classes in Romance-related Creoles 689
-
IV. Romance word classes and their interfaces: new horizons
- 27 Word classes and psycholinguistics 725
- 28 Word classes and learner varieties 743
- 29 Word classes and corpus linguistics 769
- 30 Word classes and neurolinguistics 797
- 31 Exploring the behaviour of connectives within a textometric perspective 819
- Index 843
