Volume 9, Issue 1

A monoid S 1 obtained by adjoining a unit element to a 2-testable semigroup S is said to be 2-testable. It is shown that a 2-testable monoid S 1 is either inherently non-finitely based or hereditarily finitely based, depending on whether or not the variety generated by the semigroup S contains the Brandt semigroup of order five. Consequently, it is decidable in quadratic time if a finite 2-testable monoid is finitely based.

For an infinite set X, denote by Γ(X) the semigroup of all injective mappings from X to X under function composition. For α ∈ Γ(X), let C(α) = {β ∈ g/g(X): αβ = βα} be the centralizer of α in Γ(X). The aim of this paper is to determine those elements of Γ(X) whose centralizers have simple structure. We find α ∈ (X) such that various Green's relations in C(α) coincide, characterize α ∈ Γ(X) such that the $$ \mathcal{J} $$-classes of C(α) form a chain, and describe Green's relations in C(α) for α with so-called finite ray-cycle decomposition. If α is a permutation, we also find the structure of C(α) in terms of direct and wreath products of familiar semigroups.

It is proved that the group Sp10(ℤ) is generated by an involution and an element of order 3.

The notion of a closed polynomial over a field of zero characteristic was introduced by Nowicki and Nagata. In this paper we discuss possible ways to define an analog of this notion over fields of positive characteristic. We are mostly interested in conditions of maximality of the algebra generated by a polynomial in a respective family of rings. We also present a modification of the condition of integral closure and discuss a condition involving partial derivatives.

Let L be an n-dimensional non-abelian nilpotent Lie algebra and $$ s(L) = \frac{1} {2}(n - 1)(n - 2) + 1 - \dim M(L) $$ where M(L) is the Schur multiplier of L. In [Niroomand P., Russo F., A note on the Schur multiplier of a nilpotent Lie algebra, Comm. Algebra (in press)] it has been shown that s(L) ≥ 0 and the structure of all nilpotent Lie algebras has been determined when s(L) = 0. In the present paper, we will characterize all finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras with s(L) = 1; 2.

We study Karhunen-Loève expansions of the process(X t(α))t∈[0,T) given by the stochastic differential equation $$ dX_t^{(\alpha )} = - \frac{\alpha } {{T - t}}X_t^{(\alpha )} dt + dB_t ,t \in [0,T) $$, with the initial condition X 0(α) = 0, where α > 0, T ∈ (0, ∞), and (B t)t≥0 is a standard Wiener process. This process is called an α-Wiener bridge or a scaled Brownian bridge, and in the special case of α = 1 the usual Wiener bridge. We present weighted and unweighted Karhunen-Loève expansions of X (α). As applications, we calculate the Laplace transform and the distribution function of the L 2[0, T]-norm square of X (α) studying also its asymptotic behavior (large and small deviation).

We present the theory of higher order invariants and higher order automorphic forms in the simplest case, that of a compact quotient. In this case, many things simplify and we are thus able to prove a more precise structure theorem than in the general case.

We prove an explicit formula of Atkinson type for the error term in the asymptotic formula for the mean square of the product of the Riemann zeta-function and a Dirichlet polynomial. To deal with the case when coefficients of the Dirichlet polynomial are complex, we apply the idea of the first author in his study on mean values of Dirichlet L-functions.

We construct a metrizable simplex X such that for each n ɛ ℕ there exists a bounded function f on ext X of Baire class n that cannot be extended to a strongly affine function of Baire class n. We show that such an example cannot be constructed via the space of harmonic functions.

We characterize finite codimensional linear isometries on two spaces, C (n)[0; 1] and Lip [0; 1], where C (n)[0; 1] is the Banach space of n-times continuously differentiable functions on [0; 1] and Lip [0; 1] is the Banach space of Lipschitz continuous functions on [0; 1]. We will see they are exactly surjective isometries. Also, we show that C (n)[0; 1] and Lip [0; 1] admit neither isometric shifts nor backward shifts.

We consider some metric regularity properties of order q for set-valued mappings and we establish several characterizations of these concepts in terms of Hölder-like properties of the inverses of the mappings considered. In addition, we show that even if these properties are weaker than the classical notions of regularity for set-valued maps, they allow us to solve variational inclusions under mild assumptions.

In this note we provide regularity conditions of closedness type which guarantee some surjectivity results concerning the sum of two maximal monotone operators by using representative functions. The first regularity condition we give guarantees the surjectivity of the monotone operator S(· + p) + T(·), where p ɛ X and S and T are maximal monotone operators on the reflexive Banach space X. Then, this is used to obtain sufficient conditions for the surjectivity of S + T and for the situation when 0 belongs to the range of S + T. Several special cases are discussed, some of them delivering interesting byproducts.

We define an invariant of contact structures and foliations (on Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature) which is upper semi-continuous with respect to deformations and thus gives an obstruction to the topology of foliations which can be approximated by isotopies of a given contact structure.

Globally positive solutions for the third order differential equation with the damping term and delay, $$ x''' + q(t)x'(t) - r(t)f(x(\phi (t))) = 0, $$ are studied in the case where the corresponding second order differential equation $$ y'' + q(t)y = 0 $$ is oscillatory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for all nonoscillatory solutions of (*) to be unbounded are given. Furthermore, oscillation criteria ensuring that any solution is either oscillatory or unbounded together with its first and second derivatives are presented. The comparison of results with those in the case when (**) is nonoscillatory is given, as well.

A composition of a positive integer n is a finite sequence π1π2...πm of positive integers such that π1+...+πm = n. Let d be a fixed number. We say that we have an ascent of size d or more (respectively, less than d) if πi+1 ≥ πi+d (respectively, πi < πi+1 < πi + d). Recently, Brennan and Knopfmacher determined the mean, variance and limiting distribution of the number of ascents of size d or more in the set of compositions of n. In this paper, we find an explicit formula for the multi-variable generating function for the number of compositions of n according to the number of parts, ascents of size d or more, ascents of size less than d, descents and levels. Also, we extend the results of Brennan and Knopfmacher to the case of ascents of size less than d. More precisely, we determine the mean, variance and limiting distribution of the number of ascents of size less than d in the set of compositions of n.