Abstract
Background
During the past 50 years, motivational studies have evolved from the logical inference of logically required “intervening variables” to explain behavioral change, to electrophysiological and molecular analyses of the mechanisms causing such changes.
Aim
The purpose of this review article is two-fold: first to describe the logic of sexual motivation in a way that applies to laboratory animals as well as humans, and the second is to address some of the problems of sexual motivation experienced by men.
Results
When problems of motivational mechanisms are stripped down to their essentials, as performed in the laboratory animal models and are available for reductionistic studies, then the problems can be solved with certainty, as illustrated in the first part of this review. However, with respect to human sexual motivation, the various determinants which include so many behavioral routes and so many brain states come into play, that definite conclusions are harder to come by, as illustrated in the second part of this review.
Conclusions
This review highlights a number of key questions that merit further investigation. These include (a) What mechanisms do cultural and experiential influences interact with androgenic hormone influences on human sexual motivation? (b) How would epigenetic effects in the human brain related to changes in motivation be investigated? (c) What are the effects of unpredictable traumatic and stressful human experiences on sexual motivation; (d) How such mechanisms are activated upon unpredictable traumatic and stressful insults? (e) What are the outstanding differences between sexual motivational drive and motivations driven by homeostatic systems such as hunger and thirst?
Author statement
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest: Farid Saad is a retired former employee of Bayer AG, manufacturer and distributor of testosterone containing products.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Letters to the Editor
- Androgen-driven COVID-19 infection – is testosterone an enemy or a friend?
- Tumor necrosis factor-α gene-1031T/C promoter polymorphism and endometriosis
- Original Articles
- Serum FGF-21 and FGF-23 in association with gestational diabetes: a longitudinal case-control study
- Neutrophil and monocyte ratios to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and adiponectin as biomarkers of nascent metabolic syndrome
- Predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction using soluble ST2
- Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil-based nanofibrous scaffold through downregulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines
- A comparative study of the antidiabetic effect of two training protocols in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats
- Gonadotrophins modulate cell death-related genes expression in human endometrium
- Exploring the activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase in the polycystic ovary syndrome
- The effects of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) -29 and Ser680Asn polymorphisms in IVF/ICSI
- Diagnostic value of the candidate microRNAs in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples
- Investigation of the role of β-TrCP in growth hormone transduction defect (GHTD)
- High-intensity interval training with long duration intervals is more effective than short duration intervals for improving glycolytic capacity in the rats’ gastrocnemius muscle
- The effects of circuit resistance training on plasma progranulin level, insulin resistance and body composition in obese men
- Sexual motivation: problem solved and new problems introduced
- Case Reports
- Ovarian and uterine leiomyosarcoma: which one is the primary?
- Uterine-conserving approach in ruptured intramyometrial ectopic pregnancy
Articles in the same Issue
- Letters to the Editor
- Androgen-driven COVID-19 infection – is testosterone an enemy or a friend?
- Tumor necrosis factor-α gene-1031T/C promoter polymorphism and endometriosis
- Original Articles
- Serum FGF-21 and FGF-23 in association with gestational diabetes: a longitudinal case-control study
- Neutrophil and monocyte ratios to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and adiponectin as biomarkers of nascent metabolic syndrome
- Predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction using soluble ST2
- Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil-based nanofibrous scaffold through downregulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines
- A comparative study of the antidiabetic effect of two training protocols in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats
- Gonadotrophins modulate cell death-related genes expression in human endometrium
- Exploring the activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase in the polycystic ovary syndrome
- The effects of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) -29 and Ser680Asn polymorphisms in IVF/ICSI
- Diagnostic value of the candidate microRNAs in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples
- Investigation of the role of β-TrCP in growth hormone transduction defect (GHTD)
- High-intensity interval training with long duration intervals is more effective than short duration intervals for improving glycolytic capacity in the rats’ gastrocnemius muscle
- The effects of circuit resistance training on plasma progranulin level, insulin resistance and body composition in obese men
- Sexual motivation: problem solved and new problems introduced
- Case Reports
- Ovarian and uterine leiomyosarcoma: which one is the primary?
- Uterine-conserving approach in ruptured intramyometrial ectopic pregnancy