The use of impregnated perlite as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from marula oil
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Edward Modiba
,
Peter Osifo
Abstract
In this study, biodiesel was produced from marula (Sclerocarya birrea) oil using impregnated perlite with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The effect of experimental variables such as temperature (°C), reaction time (h), methanol to oil ratio (mass %), and catalyst to oil ratio (mass %) on the transesterification process were investigated. Using a central composite design (CCD), a mathematical model was developed to correlate the experimental variables with the percentage yield of biodiesel. The model showed that optimum conditions for biodiesel production were as follows: catalyst to oil ratio of 4.7 mass %, temperature of 70.4°C, methanol to oil ratio of 29.9 mass %, and reaction time of 3.6 h. The yield of 91.4 mass % of biodiesel was obtained. It was also possible to recycle and reuse the modified perlite up to three times without any significant change in its catalytic activity. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area showed no modifications in the perlite structure. The results show that the important fuel properties of marula biodiesel meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) biodiesel standard properties.
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© 2014 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Chemical preparation and applications of silver dendrites
- Evaluation of antioxidant activity and DNA cleavage protection effect of naphthyl hydroxamic acid derivatives through conventional and fluorescence microscopic methods
- Modelling of ORL1 receptor-ligand interactions
- Kinetics of enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction of phenylglycine enantiomers using a BINAP-copper complex as chiral selector
- Diffusive transport of Cu(II) ions through thin ion imprinted polymeric membranes
- Magnetic mixed matrix membranes in air separation
- The use of impregnated perlite as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from marula oil
- Nitrobenzene degradation by micro-sized iron and electron efficiency evaluation
- RP-HPLC-UV-ESI-MS phytochemical analysis of fruits of Conocarpus erectus L.
- Residue analysis of fosthiazate in cucumber and soil by QuEChERS and GC-MS
- Degradation of polylactide using basic ionic liquid imidazolium acetates
- Ring-opening polymerisation of ɛ-caprolactone catalysed by Brønsted acids
- Click synthesis by Diels-Alder reaction and characterisation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based hydrogels
- Preparation and physical properties of chitosan-coated calcium sulphate whiskers
- A facile synthetic route for antineoplastic drug GDC-0449
- Two new frameworks for biphenyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylic acid and nitrogen-containing organics
- Antioxidant and binding properties of methanol extracts from indigo plant leaves
- Dithiols as more effective than monothiols in protecting biomacromolecules from free-radical-mediated damage: in vitro oxidative degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan
