6 Pharmaceutical wastes: an overview
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Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan
Abstract
During the last decades, the growth of pharmaceuticals as lifesavers has aroused the issue of water contamination with pharmaceutical waste (PhW). The PhW comprises drugs including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, antidepressants, hormones, NSAIDs, vaccines, serums, and the patient’s medications. The human and veterinary excretory products, hospital effluents, aquaculture, and disposal of unused or expired medication contribute to the origin of pharmaceutical pollution in the aquatic environment. These compounds in their original forms or the forms of metabolites or conjugates of glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid get entry into the sewage water via excretion. The traditional wastewater plants cannot remove the pharmaceutical contaminants efficiently and they enter the aquatic environment. These compounds have severe effects on humans, plants, animals, fish, and protozoa. Hence, various technologies have been developed to eliminate the contaminants of pharmaceuticals from water bodies. Several strategies have been limited by high expenses, less effective removal, and toxic sludge production. Adsorption is found to be advantageous over all other methods as it is simple, cost-effective, highly effective, and feasible.
Abstract
During the last decades, the growth of pharmaceuticals as lifesavers has aroused the issue of water contamination with pharmaceutical waste (PhW). The PhW comprises drugs including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antihypertensives, antidepressants, hormones, NSAIDs, vaccines, serums, and the patient’s medications. The human and veterinary excretory products, hospital effluents, aquaculture, and disposal of unused or expired medication contribute to the origin of pharmaceutical pollution in the aquatic environment. These compounds in their original forms or the forms of metabolites or conjugates of glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid get entry into the sewage water via excretion. The traditional wastewater plants cannot remove the pharmaceutical contaminants efficiently and they enter the aquatic environment. These compounds have severe effects on humans, plants, animals, fish, and protozoa. Hence, various technologies have been developed to eliminate the contaminants of pharmaceuticals from water bodies. Several strategies have been limited by high expenses, less effective removal, and toxic sludge production. Adsorption is found to be advantageous over all other methods as it is simple, cost-effective, highly effective, and feasible.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Acknowledgments V
- Contents VII
- List of contributors IX
- 1 Metal-organic framework introduction 1
- 2 Metal-organic framework properties 13
- 3 Metal-organic framework for heterogeneous catalysis 21
- 4 Homogeneous catalysis using MOFs 29
- 5 MOF: an emerging material for biomedical applications 35
- 6 Pharmaceutical wastes: an overview 51
- 7 Recent advancement and development in MOF-based materials for the removal of pharmaceutical waste 73
- 8 Future prospective of metal-organic frameworks for pharmaceutical wastes 95
- 9 MOF – a promising material for energy applications 109
- 10 Polymer-coated MOF for pharmaceutical waste removal 137
- 11 MOF-derived nanocomposites for the removal of ciprofloxacin 157
- Index 177
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter I
- Acknowledgments V
- Contents VII
- List of contributors IX
- 1 Metal-organic framework introduction 1
- 2 Metal-organic framework properties 13
- 3 Metal-organic framework for heterogeneous catalysis 21
- 4 Homogeneous catalysis using MOFs 29
- 5 MOF: an emerging material for biomedical applications 35
- 6 Pharmaceutical wastes: an overview 51
- 7 Recent advancement and development in MOF-based materials for the removal of pharmaceutical waste 73
- 8 Future prospective of metal-organic frameworks for pharmaceutical wastes 95
- 9 MOF – a promising material for energy applications 109
- 10 Polymer-coated MOF for pharmaceutical waste removal 137
- 11 MOF-derived nanocomposites for the removal of ciprofloxacin 157
- Index 177
