Manuals of Romance Linguistics

Inspired by the tradition of Romance etymological dictionaries such as the FEW and the LEI, and picking up on the paradigmatic debate recently raised by the DÉRom, the Manual of Romance Lexical Etymology presents research methods currently used in Romance etymology, differentiating between inherited lexicon, borrowings and internal creations. Focused on Romance linguistics, the manual also engages in dialogue with the field of general etymology.

This Manual provides a concise, fact-based description of the relevant historical contact situations in the Romance language areas.

It describes the linguistic phenomena associated with each of these language contacts (e.g., Celtic, Germanic, Slavic) with reference to relevant studies, and places them within a linguistic-historical or sociolinguistic interpretive framework. In the individual chapters, relevant theories and methods (e.g., Vulgar Latin, substrata, superstrata, adstrata) are addressed, and current research trends and new approaches are reflected upon. For a deeper penetration of the topic, the handbook considers the analytical contributions of the following disciplines: etymology, semantics, creolistics, mixed language theory, colonial linguistics, missionary linguistics, individual bilingualism, code-switching, social multilingualism, migration linguistics, cultural studies, religious studies, music history, politics, and law.

The handbook is a guide for all scholars and students working in historical linguistics. Its focus is on contact situations in the period of the emergence of Romance languages and their further spread in the world.

It is evident that published, serious, science-based work in Forensic Linguistics is predominantly written in English and focuses on casework from the English-speaking world. While the first aspect is understandable – given that English serves as an international lingua franca in scientific discourse –, the second aspect presents a significant limitation for the field. Should researchers assume that there is simply less crime in non-English-speaking areas of the world? A more pertinent question might be: What cultural, disciplinary, legal, or legal-cultural factors contribute to the lack of research in (and on) languages other than English?

In addition to addressing the underrepresentation of Romance languages in scientific publications related to forensic work, the chapters in this handbook will also explore the reasons behind this unfortunate situation.

Designed to engage readers, whether they are linguists, legal professionals, or simply interested individuals, and to spark interest in Romance Forensic Linguistics, this handbook follows three key objectives: First, we are committed to providing a comprehensive overview of the casework and research conducted in (and on) several Romance languages, including Peninsular Spanish, Catalan, Brazilian Portuguese, French, Canadian French, Italian, and Romanian. Second, the chapters in this volume seek to understand why Forensic Linguistics has thrived more in some Romance-speaking countries than in others. Finally, we aim to uncover the reasons for the slower development of Forensic Linguistics in regions where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.

The handbook offers a state-of-the-art overview of French Creole studies, from a both comparative and language-specific perspective. Covering structural and historical features of French-based Creole languages as well as their diaphasic and diastratic variation, this volume can be used as an introduction to French Creole as much as a reference work for experts in the field.

Virtually unstudied until the 1980s, discourse markers have gone on to become a growth industry. Research on markers is central to comprehensive theories of the synchronic linguistic system as such, of the use of language in communication, and of language change. From the very beginning, linguists working on Romance languages have been at the forefront of research on discourse markers. Including among its contributors many of the foremost experts in the field, this volume not only offers substantial state-of-the-art introductions to the diverse facets of contemporary research on discourse markers, with a focus on Romance, but it achieves added value by including in each chapter original and previously unpublished results.

The first part of the book addresses foundational issues: What are discourse markers? What is their relationship to other types of pragmatic markers? The second part considers discourse markers at different levels of linguistic description, in particular: their grammatical status, their semantics and pragmatics, their prosodic features, their positioning within discourse units. The third part outlines different approaches to the study of discourse markers, namely contrastive studies, corpus linguistics, discourse traditions, and historical linguistics. The fourth part explores discourse markers at the interface with central topics in linguistics, such as politeness, social variation, language acquisition and psycholinguistic processing. The final part focuses on discourse markers in each of the major Romance languages, namely French, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese and Romanian.

The volume will be of interest to researchers and students working in the field of Romance studies, general linguists, pragmaticians, discourse analysts, educationalists, and psychologists.

Word classes are linguistic categories serving as basis in the description of the vocabulary and grammar of natural languages. While important publications are regularly devoted to their definition, identification, and classification, in the field of Romance linguistics we lack a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of the current research. This Manual offers an updated and detailed discussion of all relevant aspects related to word classes in the Romance languages. In the first part, word classes are discussed from both a theoretical and historical point of view. The second part of the volume takes as its point of departure single word classes, described transversally in all the main Romance languages, while the third observes the relevant word classes from the point of view of specific Romance(-based) varieties. The fourth part explores Romance word classes at the interface of grammar and other fields of research.

The Manual is intended as a reference work for all scholars and students interested in the description of both the standard, major Romance languages and the smaller, lesser described Romance(-based) varieties.

The Manual offers the first comprehensive overview on Occitan and Occitan linguistics, including the latest research. With 26 contributions organized in seven parts, it covers diachronic and synchronic language description, diatopic variation and sociolinguistics, language planning and equipment, as well as teaching and language pedagogy.

This handbook delves into folk linguistics, addressing historical, theoretical, and methodological aspects. It questions the divide between "linguists" and "non-linguists" and scrutinizes challenges in data collection. It also addresses the relationship between folk linguistics and related fields such as translatology, didactics, and lexicography. The volume concludes by presenting the latest research in Romance folk linguistics.

This handbook provides a systematic overview firstly of the basic concepts and secondly of current research topics and trends in Applied Romance Linguistics from a theoretical, methodological and empirical perspective. It takes account of both traditional and innovative research approaches. Following a general introduction to the field and its major topics, methods and objectives, the presentation is divided into four thematic sections (methods and methodology; language, society and knowledge; language acquisition and language education; specialised communication and transfer).

The volume is geared towards researchers, teachers and students working in the fields of linguistic and communication studies, but also addresses the general public. It aims to provide useful information for anyone dealing with problems of language and communication in their professional or private lives, and illustrates career options for graduates of Romance Linguistics.

With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa.

This manual provides a detailed presentation of the various Romance languages as they appear in texts written by Jews, mostly using the Hebrew alphabet. It gives a comprehensive overview of the Jews and the Romance languages in the Middle Ages (part I), as well as after the expulsions (part II). These sections are dedicated to Judaeo-Romance texts and linguistic traditions mainly from Italy, northern and southern France (French and Occitan), and the Iberian Peninsula (Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese). The Judaeo-Spanish varieties of the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in a separate section (part III), due to the fact that Judaeo-Spanish can be considered an independent language. This section includes detailed descriptions of its phonetics/phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.

Discourse Traditions are a key concept of diachronic Romance linguistics. The present manual aims to establish this approach at an international level by assembling contributions that introduce its theoretical foundations, discuss connections with alternative approaches of text and discourse analysis, show the relevance of Discourse Traditions for the history of Romance languages, and explore possibilities for future applications of the concept.

Modality refers to the attitudes a speaker can adopt toward the propositional content of an utterance including, among others, possibility and necessity. After introducing different theoretical perspectives on this concept, this manual presents the markers of modality (moods, modal verbs, adverbs) in Romance languages. It also addresses diachronic questions and the overlaps between modality and other grammatical categories.

The Manual presents the state of the art of the research about discourse and communication within the Romance languages. It offers introductory articles which explain in a simple and clear way the current research topics of a broad variety of disciplines like Linguistics, Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis, Communication Theory, Text Linguistics and Philology.

The authors of the Manual collectively explain complex theoretical problems concerning communication and discourse, and texts as its products. The contrastive descriptions contain examples in different Romance languages which show the outreach of the theoretical approaches and address a public with interests in a variety of disciplines and languages. Furthermore, it shows possibilities of application and transfer of the research about communication in different professional contexts.

This handbook is structured in two parts: it provides, on the one hand, a comprehensive (synchronic) overview of the phonetics and phonology (including prosody) of a breadth of Romance languages and focuses, on the other hand, on central topics of research in Romance segmental and suprasegmental phonology, including comparative and diachronic perspectives.

Phonetics and phonology have always been a core discipline in Romance linguistics: the wide synchronic variety of languages and dialects derived from spoken Latin is extensively explored in numerous corpus and atlas projects, and for quite a few of these varieties there is also more or less ample documentation of at least some of their diachronic stages. This rich empirical database offers excellent testing grounds for different theoretical approaches and allows for substantial insights into phonological structuring as well as into (incipient, ongoing, or concluded) processes of phonological change.

The volume can be read both as a state-of-the-art report of research in the field and as a manual of Romance languages with special emphasis on the key topics of phonetics and phonology.

This handbook, the first to focus specifically on the varieties of Ladin spoken in the Brixen-Tyrol area, intends to provide a systematic, up-to-date overview of research in Ladin linguistics, taking into account both traditional research questions (internal and external language history; specific linguistic traits; classification) and new areas of research (corpus linguistics; neurolinguistics; the teaching of Ladin in a multilingual context; Ladin in the mass media and in social networks).

The volume is divided into three main thematic parts. The first part deals with Ladin as a linguistic system, covering its history, evolution, and present-day characteristics. The second parts discusses Ladin as a means of communication that plays a crucial role in forming the identity of its speakers. This particular identity is characterized, at least since the second half of the twentieth century, by a highly complex degree of multilingualism, which will be described in its various aspects. The third part addresses Ladin as an object of linguistic research. The volume is completed by a detailed index.

This manual is intended to fill a gap in the area of Romance studies. There is no introduction available so far that broadly covers the field of Catalan linguistics, neither in Catalan nor in any other language. The work deals with the language spoken in Catalonia and Andorra, the Balearic Islands, the region of Valencia, Northern Catalonia and the town of l'Alguer in Sardinia. Besides introducing the ideologies of language and nation and the history of Catalan linguistics, the manual is divided into separate parts embracing the description – grammar, lexicon, variation and varieties – and the history of the language since the early medieval period to the present day. It also covers its current social and political situation in the new local and global contexts. The main emphasis is placed on modern Catalan.

The manual is designed as a companion for students of Catalan, while also introducing specialists of other languages into this field, in particular scholars of Romance languages.

Language standardization is an ongoing process based on the notions of linguistic correctness and models. This manual contains thirty-six chapters that deal with the theories of linguistic norms and give a comprehensive up-to-date description and analysis of the standardization processes in the Romance languages.

The first section presents the essential approaches to the concept of linguistic norm ranging from antiquity to the present, and includes individual chapters on the notion of linguistic norms and correctness in classical grammar and rhetoric, in the Prague School, in the linguistic theory of Eugenio Coseriu, in sociolinguistics as well as in pragmatics, cognitive and discourse linguistics.

The second section focuses on the application of these notions with respect to the Romance languages. It examines in detail the normative grammar and the normative dictionary as the reference tools for language codification and modernization of those languages that have a long and well-established written tradition, i.e. Romanian, Italian, French, Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese.

Furthermore, the volume offers a discussion of the key issues regarding the standardization of the ‘minor’ Romance languages as well as Creoles.

This manual provides an extensive overview of the importance and use of Romance languages in the media, both in a diachronic and synchronic perspective.

Its chapters discuss language in television and the new media, the language of advertising, or special cases such as translation platforms or subtitling.

Separate chapters are dedicated to minority languages and smaller varieties such as Galician and Picard, and to methodological approaches such as linguistic discourse analysis and writing process research.

The French language is spoken and used in a number of different countries and regions worldwide. It thus finds itself in contact, and sometimes in competition, with numerous other languages which have taken influence on the various local varieties of French and continue to do so today. This handbook provides an overview of the different linguistic situations and constellations the French language has been part of, both in the past and today.

La diffusion du français dans le monde a entraîné son implantation dans de nouveaux environnements linguistiques. Le français s’est ainsi trouvé en contact voire en concurrence avec d’autres langues qui l’ont influencé et continuent de le faire aujourd’hui encore. Ce manuel donne un panorama des situations linguistiques très diverses auxquelles ces interactions ont donné naissance.

This manual is the first comprehensive account of Brazilian Portuguese linguistics written in English, offering not only linguists but also historians and social scientists new insights gained from the intensive research carried out over the last decades on the linguistic reality of this vast territory.

In the 20 overview chapters, internationally renowned experts give detailed yet concise information on a wide range of language-internal as well as external synchronic and diachronic topics. Most of this information is the fruit of large-scale language documentation and description projects, such as the project on the linguistic norm of educated speakers (NURC), the project “Grammar of spoken Portuguese”, and the project “Towards a History of Brazilian Portuguese” (PHPB), among others. Further chapters of high contemporary interest and relevance include the study of linguistic policies and psycholinguistics.

The manual offers theoretical insights of general interest, not least since many chapters present the linguistic data in the light of a combination of formal, functional, generative and sociolinguistic approaches. This rather unique feature of the volume is achieved by the double authorship of some of the relevant chapters, thus bringing together and synthesizing different perspectives.

This handbook, designed both as an introduction for students and a reference work for the entire research community, gives a concise, systematic and extensive overview of the different topics and approaches associated with linguistic research on American Spanish.

The Manual of Galician Linguistics provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the current situation of the Galician language and introduces its readers to the most important topics of current linguistic research on Galician. Chapters cover diachronic and synchronic descriptions of all main areas of language structure (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicology), as well social and regional variation, language contact and other interesting areas of linguistic research.

Rich in descriptive details and grounded in modern linguistic theory, this manual is an essential research tool for students and researchers who are interested in the Galician language and in Romance linguistics.

The preparation of this work has been partially funded through grants from the Ministerio de Cultura of the Government of Spain to the Instituto da Lingua Galega, and from the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidade of the Xunta de Galicia to the research group Filoloxía e Lingüística Galega of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ED431C 2021/20).

The Romance languages offer a particularly fertile ground for the exploration of the relationship between language and society in different social contexts and communities. Focusing on a wide range of Romance languages – from national languages to minoritised varieties – this volume explores questions concerning linguistic diversity and multilingualism, language contact, medium and genre, variation and change. It will interest researchers and policy-makers alike.

This volume offers theoretically informed surveys of topics that have figured prominently in morphosyntactic and syntactic research into Romance languages and dialects. We define syntax as being the linguistic component that assembles linguistic units, such as roots or functional morphemes, into grammatical sentences, and morphosyntax as being an umbrella term for all morphological relations between these linguistic units, which either trigger morphological marking (e.g. explicit case morphemes) or are related to ordering issues (e.g. subjects precede finite verbs whenever there is number agreement between them). All 24 chapters adopt a comparative perspective on these two fields of research, highlighting cross-linguistic grammatical similarities and differences within the Romance language family. In addition, many chapters address issues related to variation observable within individual Romance languages, and grammatical change from Latin to Romance.

This Manual provides a general yet detailed account of the current research in Portuguese linguistics by combining overview chapters and in-depth analyses of selected topics. It integrates diachronic and synchronic, standard and dialectal, adult grammar and L1 acquisition data and offers comprehensive information on specific features of Portuguese, using the methods and insights of present-day linguistic research.

The overview chapters feature linguistic fields that significantly developed over the past decades in the context of research on Portuguese (e.g. language contact, prosody, the computational lexicon, forensic phonetics).

The chapters covering particular topics in syntax, semantics and phonology deal with new empirical data and current analyses of well-known features of Portuguese such as the inflected infinitive, the pattern of clitic placement, the subjunctive, the reduction of atonic vowels, as well as newer issues (e.g. null subjects, complex predicates, the answering system, some dialectal phenomena).

The volume will be unique as a state-of-the-art collection of papers conceived to be used as a Manual of Portuguese Linguistics in the academic context. The individual contributors rank among the best-known experts in the field.

This manual will be an indispensable research tool for everyone interested in the Sardinian language and in Romance linguistics in general. It presents the first extensive overview of the various questions and problems of Sardinian linguistics. In addition to a detailed introduction to the socio-historical background of the current linguistic situation in Sardinia, it provides diachronic and synchronic descriptions both of the varieties of Sardinian itself and of the other idioms spoken on the island.

This manual aims to provide a systematic and up-to-date overview of Italian linguistics taking into account new research topics such as Italian outside of Italy, historical varieties, or the syntactic properties of early Italian. Particular focus will be placed on linguistic subfields that have grown more important and relevant in the past years and decades, such as pragmatics, textual linguistics, corpus linguistics, or language acquisition.

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the field of special languages in the Romance-speaking world. Languages for special purposes are used to express specialized information, and their syntax and vocabulary often differ from standard varieties and other styles. This handbook contains a separate section retracing the evolution of Romance languages for special purposes from the antiquity until today.

La langue de spécialité est conçue sous deux angles de vue: d’une part, elle est l’expression de contenus spécialisés dont elle épouse la multiformité. D’autre part, elle se définit par des marques syntaxiques ou nominatives qui l’opposent à d’autres styles, franchissant les limites des domaines spécialisés et aussi celle des langues. Une dernière section de ce Manuel en retrace l’évolution pas toujours rectiligne depuis l’Antiquité.

This manual presents an overview of research on language boundaries in Romance-speaking areas both in and outside of Europe. It considers sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects as well as matters of language policy and language geography. The main focus lies on the current boundaries between Romance languages and between Romance and neighboring languages.

Ce manuel présente un état des lieux actuel en matière de recherche sur les frontières linguistiques dans les territoires de langues romanes européens et extra-européens, sous les aspects géolinguistiques, sociolinguistiques, politico-linguistiques et psycholinguistiques. Le sujet d’intérêt principal est le tracé actuel des frontières entre les différentes langues romanes et avec les langues non romanes qui les entourent.

Different components of grammar interact in non-trivial ways. It has been under debate what the actual range of interaction is and how we can most appropriately represent this in grammatical theory. The volume provides a general overview of various topics in the linguistics of Romance languages by examining them through the interaction of grammatical components and functions as a state-of-the-art report, but at the same time as a manual of Romance languages.

The Manuel de linguistique roumaine, divided into a diachronic and a synchronic section, provides the reader with a comprehensive yet detailed overview of the current state of linguistic research on the Romanian language. This manual informs about the specific features of Romanian and its convergences with other languages, using the methods and insights of present-day linguistic research.

Le Manuel de linguistique roumaine présentera un aperçu de l’état actuel des recherches sur la langue roumaine. Il est divisé en une partie diachronique (avec une dizaine d’articles) et une synchronique (avec 25 articles). Parmi les auteurs se trouvent aussi bien des spécialistes fortement reconnus depuis longtemps que des jeunes chercheurs. Par ce Manuel seront mises en lumière les particularités du roumain, mais aussi les convergences dans l’adaptation de méthodes et de connaissances de la linguistique moderne.

The Manuel de linguistique française provides a concise, critical overview of the historical foundations and the current situation of the French language and introduces its readers to the most important topics and questions of present-day linguistic research on French. Compared with other reference works currently available on the market, this manual provides a lot of additional and updated information.

This manual contains a description of the existing anthologies and corpora that have so far been compiled for the Romance languages. It takes into account the standard languages and a selection of well-attested diatopic and diastratic varieties as well as Romance-based Creoles. Representative texts are provided for all varieties discussed.

Le présent manuel contient une description des anthologies établies dans une perspective linguistique et des corpus réalisés dans les différentes langues romanes. Cette description envisage autant les langues standard qu’un choix de variantes diatopiques et diastratiques et de langues créoles lexifiées à partir des langues romanes. Toutes les langues et variantes retenues s’accompagnent de textes représentatifs commentés.

Deixis as a field of research has generated increased interest in recent years. It is crucial for a number of different subdisciplines: pragmatics, semantics, cognitive and contrastive linguistics, to name just a few. The subject is of particular interest to experts and students, philosophers, teachers, philologists, and psychologists interested in the study of their language or in comparing linguistic structures.

The different deictic structures – not only the items themselves, but also the oppositions between them – reflect the fact that neither the notions of space, time, person nor our use of them are identical cross-culturally. This diversity is not restricted to the difference between languages, but also appears among related dialects and language varieties.

This volume will provide an overview of the field, focusing on Romance languages, but also reaching beyond this perspective. Chapters on diachronic developments (language change), comparisons with other (non-)European languages, and on interfaces with neighboring fields of interest are also included.

The editors and authors hope that readers, regardless of their familiarity with Romance languages, will gain new insights into deixis in general, and into the similarities and differences among deictic structures used in the languages of the world.

This manual aims to present an overview of the research on translation studies carried out in Romance-speaking countries. It mainly focuses on the Romance languages, but also takes into account other languages as well as general aspects, e.g., theoretical (models and theories of translation), linguistic (vocabulary, syntax, prosody), discursive (cohesion, coherence, genres), historical (the role of Latin), or practical questions (dubbing).

Textual editing, especially for the Middle Ages, is the starting point for a good deal of what is done in historical linguistics. Editorial methods have an importance going far beyond theoretical considerations, and are of interest to scholars over and above those who edit texts.

The aim of this volume is to present both the range of methods used, together with a number of case studies, accompanied by studies which discuss related aspects of textual editing such as glossaries or reviews of editions. The aim is to summarize modern editorial practices whilst not losing sight of their origins. Thus, the book will outline the tradition of the critical edition (the so-called Lachmannian edition), which survives particularly in Italy; the more Bédiérist method which dominates in France; and electronic editions (which can expand the concept of editing to include links to digitized manuscripts). Attention is also given to editorial instructions and to the use of variants in stemmatology, with an excursus to the seventeenth century, where modernisation continues to be practised. Finally, the volume will also discuss two difficult cases – the editing of Old French and Occitan texts in Hebrew characters.

L’édition de textes, surtout du Moyen Âge, fournit le point de départ pour une bonne partie de la linguistique historique. L’importance des méthodes éditoriales va bien au-delà d’une considération théorique et qui se limiterait aux praticiens de l’art de l’édition. Le volume présentera d’une part la gamme des méthodes utilisées par les éditeurs (sans oublier l’aspect historique de la discipline), à côté d’un certain nombre de cas de figure.

Questo manuale presenta una trattazione sistematica, sia sincronica che diacronica, del friulano, esaminando, tra l’altro, la varietà dialettale e il plurilinguismo regionale (friulano, italiano come lingua tetto, veneto, tedesco, sloveno). Vengono esaminati in maniera approfondita anche aspetti sociolinguistici e di politica linguistica, come p.e. problemi legati alla normalizzazione, con particolare attenzione alla grafia, all’attività lessicografica, all’utilizzo del friulano nei (nuovi) media e alla didattica.

Questo manuale presenta una trattazione sistematica, sia sincronica che diacronica, del friulano, esaminando la varietà dialettale e il plurilinguismo regionale. Vengono trattati in maniera approfondita anche aspetti sociolinguistici e di politica linguistica, come p.e. problemi legati alla normalizzazione, con particolare attenzione alla grafia, all’attività lessicografica, all’utilizzo del friulano nei media e alla didattica.

This manual contains overviews on language acquisition and distinguishes between first- and second-language acquisition. It also deals with Romance languages as foreign languages in the world and with language acquisition in some countries of the Romance-speaking world. This reference work will be helpful for researchers, students, and teachers interested in language acquisition in general and in Romance languages in particular.

This volume gives a detailed overview of the fundamentals of Romance linguistics. It deals with the history of Romance linguistics, lexicography and grammaticography, historical sources and text corpora, the history of the Romance languages and the Romana submersa as well as with Romance idioms of the Middle Ages and the state of the Romance languages today in a comparative perspective, and also takes into account Romance-based creoles.

Ce volume traite des principes fondamentaux des études de linguistique romane de tradition historique. L’histoire de la linguistique romane, la lexicographie et la grammaticographie, les sources historiques et les corpus de textes, la protohistoire des langues romanes, la Romania submersa, les idiomes romans au Moyen Âge et les langues romanes sont abordés dans une perspective comparative, y compris les langues créoles à base romane.