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This paper discusses the history of theology in terms of ‘sociological theology’ rather than ‘theological theology’. Theological theology, as maintained by Barth and his defenders, may well be useful in its analysis of sanctity, but ill-equipped to analyse human sinfulness. Based on the sacred, it ignores the constraints and the pull of the secular, and the constant need to compromise. Critical history, and more particularly a critical use of the social sciences, can help the theologian discern something more of the subject-matter of theology (God) in his dealings with the world than a theological theology which fails to grasp the importance of the worldly. Against John Milbank, I argue that as a theme in theology, the secular requires thoroughgoing analysis in its shaping of theological language. Drawing on the work of the sociologist David Martin, I conclude that sociology and social history help in analysing the tragic dimension of theology and the Christian religion through history.

Ever since the work of Louis Mackey, Kierkegaard: A Kind of Poet (1971), English-language Kierkegaard scholarship has struggled to do justice to the literary-poetic as well as theological-philosophical aspects of the Danish authorship. The first part of this paper traces the development of this debate, noting how Kierkegaard, often in the journals and papers, comments on specific intellectual and doctrinal claims of the Christian faith. The debate between these two ways of reading and understanding is frequently viewed as an impasse. In a second part, the paper endorses and makes a case for a way of reading Kierkegaard neither as “a non-doctrinal literary provocateur” nor as a “non-literary dogmatist.” For all of the difficulty that they pose to interpreters, Kierkegaard's literary stratagems are designed to challenge a reader to wrestle with doctrinal claims amid the struggles of personal existence.

John Henry Newman made two translations of Athanasius's Orations Against the Arians: in the first half of the 1840s, when still an Anglican, for the Oxford Library of the Fathers series and a second attempt late in his life, a “free translation” published in 1881, by which time he was a Cardinal. The changes that he made to his original translation reflect thirty-five years of reading Catholic theology. In various ways, the new translation shares the theology of Leo XIII's Thomistic revival.

This edition of previously unpublished correspondence from the archive of the New York Union Theological Seminary between young Charles Augustus Briggs and his teacher Isaak August Dorner dates from the second half of the 19 th century. It offers insight into the transnational idea flow and interconfessional exchange on the understanding of theology. It is supplemented by letters from August Dorner jun. to Charles Briggs and two letters of recommendation that illustrate the density of the enticing web of intellectual relationships.

Georg Liebster (1863–1926) was a lutheran pastor in Leipzig and a leader of the Evangelical Social Movement in the red kingdom of Saxony. Liebster's speach about working class and bourgeosie from 1900 offers insight into his national-social political thinking. Six simple sermons show the inventive liberal theologian.