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Seedless grape ( Sultana grape ) is a very important commercial fruit grown in large quantities in Tunisia. This product is characterized by a high initial moisture content (the initial wet basis moisture content of the fruit is more than 80 %), and thus a high shrinkage during drying. The mature seedless grape is a spherically shaped fruit. Thermo-physical properties and drying kinetics of seedless grape is essential for the optimization of its drying processes. This paper is composed of two parts, the first one is reserved to the experimental study of seedless grapes, such as the establishment of the desorption isotherms which were determined at 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C by using static gravimetric method and these desorption data were fitted by GAB model. Then we were interested in measurement of the axial hydrous shrinkage of a grape berry and it was expressed as a function of moisture content. Indeed, the drying kinetics under different controlled conditions of air temperature and relative humidity were realized. In the second part, the moisture diffusivity of the seedless grape was determined by minimizing the sum of square of deviations between the predicted and experimental values of moisture content of convective drying kinetics. The adopted approach was based on a numerical solving of the conservation equation of the solid phase and the equation of diffusion/convection of liquid phase for spherical geometry, coupled by the solid phase velocity due to shrinkage. The moisture diffusivity of seedless grape increased with temperature and was correlated by an Arrhenius-type equation. Indeed, the effect of moisture diffusivity was expressed by an exponential function. The moisture diffusivity of seedless grape ranged between 3.5610 −10 (m 2 /s) and 12.610 −10 (m 2 /s). Activation energy was found equal to 57.76 kJ/mol.

Abstract: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was applied to simulate the free falling of cylindrical bodies in three types of fluids including Newtonian, generalized-Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. Renormalized derivation schemes were used because of their consistency in combination with the latest version of no slip boundary condition to improve the handling of moving fluid-structure interactions (FSIs). Verification of the method was performed through comparing the results of some benchmark examples for both single and two phase flows with the literature. The effects of some parameters such as the viscosity of the Newtonian fluid, the n index of the power-law fluid and the relaxation time of the Oldroyd-B fluid along with the diameter of the cylinder on the falling history were investigated. Achieving reasonable results, SPH method was proven to be suitable for simulating moving fluid-structure boundaries independent of the fluid type.

This study presents a numerical simulation through computational fluid dynamics on mixing and flow structures in convergent-divergent micromixer with a triangular obstacle. The main concept in this design is to enhance the interfacial area between the two fluids by creating a transverse flow and split, and recombination of fluids flow due to the presence of obstacles. The effect of triangular obstacle size, the number of units, changing the position of an obstacle in the mixing channel and operational parameter like the Reynolds number on the mixing efficiency and pressure drop are assessed. The results indicate that at inlet Reynolds numbers below 5, the molecular diffusion is the most important mechanism of mixing, and the mixing index is almost the same for all cases. By increasing the inlet Reynolds number above 5, mixing index increases dramatically, due to the secondary flows. Based on the simulation results, due to increasing the effect of dean and separation vortices as well as more recirculation of flow in the side branches and behind the triangular obstacle, the highest mixing index is obtained at the aspect ratio of 2 for the triangular obstacle and its position at the front of the mixing unit. Also the highest value of mixing index is obtained by six unit of mixing chamber. The effect of changing the position of the obstacle in the channel and changing the aspect ratio of the obstacle is evident in high Reynolds numbers. An increase in the Reynolds number in both cases (changing the aspect ratio and position of the obstacle) leads to pressure drop increases.

In distillation process, composition control is very important. A continuous column has to be operated as precisely as possible to meet the purity specifications. In this work, ANFIS controllers are designed to control the methanol composition in BDC. The controller controls the methanol composition in BDC by the variation of reflux flow-rate and reboiler heat duty. Two separate ANFIS controllers namely: ANFIS A and ANFIS B are designed for the reflux flow-rate and the reboiler heat duty respectively. Each ANFIS controller has three inputs. The performance of this ANFIS control scheme is compared with NN-IMC control scheme on the basis of considered performance indicators (rise time, settling time, MSE). Performance of the ANFIS control scheme is evaluated for reference tracking and disturbance rejection cases. A perturbation of +10 % is incorporated in feed flow-rate for disturbance rejection case. In case of reference tracking, the obtained result shows that there is an improvement of 7 % in the settling time whereas, 14 % improvement in MSE with ANFIS scheme as compared to NN-IMC scheme. In case of disturbance rejection, the obtained result shows that there is an improvement of 14 % in the rise time, 41 % improvement in settling time whereas, 7 % improvement in MSE with ANFIS scheme as compared to NN-IMC scheme.

Abstract: The current study presents the outcomes of modeling and optimizing extraction of gallotannic acid from Quercus leaves using a microfluidic system. In this study, the effects of various experimental parameters were investigated using the method of design expert. Number of experiments suggested is 31 by central composite design of Design Expert. The experimental results of design expert were analyzed by artificial neural network (ANN). Based on the results of ANN, independent variables experiment: temperature (T), flow rate ratio (FR) and pH have shown a negative effect on extraction yield (dependent variable), while the residence time (RT) has shown a positive effect. In trained network, R2=0.9805${R^2} = 0.9805$ and RMSE = 0.0166 shows good agreement between the predicted values of ANN and experimental results. Optimum extraction conditions, to reach maximum yield by genetic algorithms (GA), were FR = 0.53, RT = 26.4, pH = 2.06 and T = 21.44R2=0.9805${R^2} = 0.9805$. The extraction yield under the optimum predicated conditions was 96.4 %, which was well matched with the experimental value 95.01 % ±0.63$\pm 0.63$. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the ANN model could be employed successfully in estimating the gallotannic acid extraction efficiency using microfluidic extraction method.

A mathematical model has been proposed to simulate a novel method for direct reduction of iron concentrate by hydrogen. Flight of fine particles in a vertical reactor containing a gaseous mixture of H 2 -N 2 -H 2 O has been studied. Effect of generating gaseous jet on the residence time of the particles has been also investigated. Coupled turbulent Navier-Stokes equations with eddy kinetic energy equation have been solved using a developed homemade code. Kinetics of this reaction has been studied using the unreacted core model. Accuracy of the model predictions has been approved by the experimental data. Finally, effects of vital variables ( i. e . temperature, particle size, hydrogen concentration and particle feed rate) on the particle residence time and also fractional conversion have been studied.