Startseite Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends

  • J.-I. Gug , B. Tan , J. Soule , M. Downie , J. Barrington und M. J. Sobkowicz
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 13. Juni 2017
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
International Polymer Processing
Aus der Zeitschrift International Polymer Processing Band 32 Heft 3

Abstract

Immiscible PLA/PA11 of 80/20 and 50/50 wt% were compatibilized through addition of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) catalyst in reactive ultra-high speed twin-screw extrusion. Two mixing screw designs were compared for their ability to disperse the PA11 droplets in the PLA matrix as a function of screw speed up to 2000 rpm. The size and polydispersity of droplets of dispersed PA11 decreased when a high shear (HS) screw was used, whereas broad droplet size distribution was produced in the low shear (LS) screw. Two models predicting the droplet size dependence on shear rate, viscosity ratio and interfacial tension were fit to the experimental data. The Serpe model including volume fraction effects produced a better fit compared to the Wu model, which does not include volume fraction effects. Mechanical testing indicated that the compatibility of PLA/PA11 blends was improved through addition of TsOH catalyst for 50/50 wt% blends due to ester – amide exchange reactions at the interfaces in the immiscible PLA and PA11 phases. The enhancement of ductility was greater after processing with the LS screw configuration than the HS screw configuration. The inferior properties after high shear mixing were likely due to molecular weight degradation during processing. While the aggressive shear in the HS screw design resulted in fine dispersion, care should be taken to minimize degradation, especially for shear sensitive polymers.

*Correspondence address, Mail address: Margaret J. Sobkowicz, Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA, E-mail: )

References

Ajji, A., Utracki, L.A., “Interphase and Compatibilization of Polymer Blends”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1574–1585 (1996) 10.1002/pen.10554Suche in Google Scholar

Anastasiadis, S.H., Gancarz, I. and Koberstein, J.T., “Compatibilizing Effect of Block Copolymers Added to the Polymer/Polymer Interface”, Macromolecules, 22, 1449–1453 (1989) 10.1021/ma00193a074Suche in Google Scholar

Asadinezhad, A., Yavari, A., Jafari, S.H., Khonakdar, H.A., Bohme, F. and Hassler, R., “Phase Morphology and Thermal Characteristics of Binary Blends Based on PTT and PA12”, Polym. Bull., 54, 205–213 (2005) 10.1007/s00289-005-0378-1Suche in Google Scholar

Biresaw, G., Carriere, C.J., “Correlation between Mechanical Adhesion and Interfacial Properties of Starch/Biodegradable Polyester Blends”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 39, 920–930 (2001) 10.1002/polb.1067Suche in Google Scholar

Biresaw, G., Carriere, C.J., “Interfacial Tension of Poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene Blends”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 40, 2248–2258 (2002) 10.1002/polb.10290Suche in Google Scholar

Canto, L.B., “On the Coarsening of the Phase Morphology of PP/EVA Blends during Compounding in a Twin Screw Extruder”, Polym. Test., 34, 175–182 (2014) 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.01.012Suche in Google Scholar

Chesters, A., “The Modelling of Coalescence Processes in Fluid-Liquid Dispersions: A Review of Current Understanding”, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 69, 259–270 (1991)Suche in Google Scholar

Chien, R.D., Jong, W.-R. and Chen, S.-C., “Study on Rheological Behavior of Polymer Melt Flowing through Micro-Channels Considering the Wall-Slip Effect”, J. Micromech. Microeng., 15, 1389–1396 (2005) 10.1088/0960-1317/15/8/003Suche in Google Scholar

Cross, M.M., “Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids: A New Flow Equation for Pseudoplastic Systems”, J. Colloid Sci., 20, 417–437 (1965) 10.1016/0095-8522(65)90022-XSuche in Google Scholar

Delamare, L., Vergnes, B., “Computation of the Morphological Changes of a Polymer Blend along a Twin-Screw Extruder”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1685–1693 (1996) 10.1002/pen.10565Suche in Google Scholar

Elmendorp, J. J., Van der Vegt, A. K. “A Study on Polymer Blending Microrheology: Part IV. The Influence of Coalescence on Blend Morphology Origination”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 1332–1338 (1986) 10.1002/pen.760261908Suche in Google Scholar

Grace, H.P., “Dispersion Phenomena in High Viscosity Immiscible Fluid Systems and Application of Static Mixers as Dispersion Devices in such Systems”, Chem. Eng. Commun., 14, 225–277 (1982) 10.1080/00986448208911047Suche in Google Scholar

Gug, J., Sobkowicz, M.J., “Improvement of the Mechanical Behavior of Bioplastic Poly(lactic acid)/Polyamide Blends by Reactive Compatibilization”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 43350 (2016) 10.1002/app.43350Suche in Google Scholar

Hamad, K., Kaseem, M. and Deri, F., “Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Polystyrene Polymer Blend”, Polym. Bull., 65, 509–519 (2010) 10.1007/s00289-010-0354-2Suche in Google Scholar

Hameed, T., Hussein, I.A., “Rheological Study of the Influence of Mw and Comonomer Type on the Miscibility of m-LLDPE and LDPE Blends”, Polymer, 43, 6911–6929 (2002) 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00627-4Suche in Google Scholar

Hejda, F., Solar, P. and Kousal, J., “Surface Free Energy Determination by Contact Angle Measurements – A Comparison of Various Approaches”, Int. WDS Papers, 10, 25–30 (2010)Suche in Google Scholar

Imre, B., Pukánszky, B., “Compatibilization in Bio-Based and Biodegradable Polymer Blends”, Eur. Polym. J., 49, 1215–1233 (2013) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.01.019Suche in Google Scholar

Iza, M., Bousmina, M. and Jerome, R., “Rheology of Compatibilized Immiscible Viscoelastic Polymer Blends”, Rheol. Acta, 40, 10–22 (2001) 10.1007/s003970000112Suche in Google Scholar

Jańczuk, B., Bialopiotrowicz, T. and Wojcik, W., “The Components of Surface Tension of Liquids and their Usefulness in Determinations of Surface Free Energy of Solids”, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 127, 59–66 (1989) 10.1016/0021-9797(89)90007-6Suche in Google Scholar

Khor, C.Y., Ariff, Z.M., Ani, F.C., Abdul Mujeebu, M., Abdullah, M.K. and Joseph, M.A., “Three-Dimensional Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Polymer Rheology in Meso-Scale Injection Molding”, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, 131–139 (2010) 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2009.08.011Suche in Google Scholar

Koning, C., Van Dui, M., Pagnoulle, C. and Jerome, R., “Strategies for Compatibilization of Polymer Blends”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 23, 707–757 (1998) 10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00054-3Suche in Google Scholar

Landreau, E., Tighzert, L., Bliard, C., Berzin, F. and Lacoste, C., “Morphologies and Properties of Plasticized Starch/Polyamide Compatibilized Blends”, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 2609–2618 (2009) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.06.017Suche in Google Scholar

Lee, J.K., Han, C.D., “Evolution of Polymer Blend Morphology during Compounding in an Internal Mixer”, Polymer, 40, 6277–6296 (1999) 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00022-1Suche in Google Scholar

Li, J., Ma Favis, B.D., “The Role of the Blend Interface Type on Morphology in Cocontinuous Polymer Blends”, Macromolecules, 35, 2005–2016 (2002) 10.1021/ma010104+Suche in Google Scholar

Lyu, S.P., Bates, F.S. and Macosko, C.W., “Coalescence in Polymer Blends during Shearing”, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., 46, 229–238 (2000) 10.1002/aic.690460203Suche in Google Scholar

Macaubas, P.H. P., Demarquette, N.R., “Morphologies and Interfacial Tensions of Immiscible Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends Modified with Triblock Copolymers”, Polymer, 42, 2543–2554 (2001) 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00655-8Suche in Google Scholar

Macosko, C.W., “Morphology Development and Control in Immiscible Polymer Blends”, Macromol. Symp., 149, 171–184 (2000) 10.1002/1521-3900(200001)149:1<171::AID-MASY171>3.0.CO;2-8Suche in Google Scholar

Macosko, C.W., Jeon, H.K. and Hoye, T.R., “Reactions at Polymer–Polymer Interfaces for Blend Compatibilization”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 30, 939–947 (2005) 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.003Suche in Google Scholar

Mari, M., Macosko, C.W., “Improving Polymer Blend Dispersion in Mini-Mixers”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 118–130 (2001) 10.1002/pen.10714Suche in Google Scholar

Nuzzo, A., Coiai, S., Carrocio, S.C., Dintcheva, N., Tz. Gambarotti, C. and Filippone, G., “Heat-Resistant Fully Bio-Based Nanocomposite Blends Based on Poly(lactic acid)”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 299, 31–40 (2014a) 10.1002/mame.201300051Suche in Google Scholar

Nuzzo, A., Bilotti, E., Peijs, T., Acierno, D. and Filippone, G., “Nanoparticle-Induced Co-Continuity in Immiscible Polymer Blends – A Comparative Study on Bio-Based PLA-PA11 Blends Filled with Organoclay, Sepiolite, and Carbon Nanotubes”, Polymer, 55, 4908–4919 (2014b) 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.036Suche in Google Scholar

Osswald, T. A.: Understanding Polymer Processing: Processes and Governing Equations, Hanser Publishers, Cincinnati (2011)10.3139/9783446446038.fmSuche in Google Scholar

Otera, J., “Transesterification”, Chem. Rev., 93, 1449–1470 (1993) 10.1021/cr00020a004Suche in Google Scholar

Owens, D.K., Wendt, R.C., “Estimation of the Surface Free Energy of Polymers”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 13, 1741–1747 (1969) 10.1002/app.1969.070130815Suche in Google Scholar

Patel, R., Ruehle, D.A., Dorgan, J.R., Halley, P. and Martin, D., “Biorenewable Blends of Polyamide-11 And Polylactide”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 54, 1523–1532 (2013) 10.1002/pen.23692Suche in Google Scholar

Paul, D. R.: Polymer Blends, Volume 1, Academic Press Publications, New York (1978)10.1016/B978-0-12-546801-5.50007-4Suche in Google Scholar

Pernot, H., Baumert, M., Court, F. and Leibler, L., “Design and Properties of Co-Continuous Nanostructured Polymers by Reactive Blending”, Nat. Mater., 1, 54–58 (2002) 10.1038/nmat711Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Pillon, L.Z., Utracki, L.A. and Pillon, D.W., “Spectroscopic Study of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(amide-6,6) Blends”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 562–567 (1987) 10.1002/pen.760270806Suche in Google Scholar

Rabinowitsch, B., “Über die Viskosität und Elastizität von Solen”, Z. Phys. Chem. A., 145, 1–26 (1929)Suche in Google Scholar

Rada, E.C., Ragazzi, M., “Selective Collection as a Pretreatment for Indirect Solid Recovered Fuel Generation”, Waste Manage., 34, 291–297 (2014) 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.11.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Rogowska, R., “Surface Free Energy of Thin-Layer Coatings Deposited by Means of the Arc-Vacuum Method”, Maintenance Problems, 2, 193–203 (2006)Suche in Google Scholar

Ruzette, A.V., Leibler, L., “Block Copolymers in Tomorrow's Plastics”, Nat. Mater., 4, 19–31 (2005) 10.1038/nmat1295Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Ryan, A.J., “Polymer Science: Designer Polymer Blends”, Nat. Mater., 1, 8–10 (2002) 10.1038/nmat720Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Samperi, F., Puglisi, C., Alicata, R. and Montando, G., “Essential Role of Chain Ends in the Nylon-6/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Exchange”, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 41, 2778–2793 (2003) 10.1002/pola.10823Suche in Google Scholar

Samperi, F., Montaudo, M.S., Battiato, S., Carbone, D. and Puglisi, C., “Characterization of Copolyesteramides from Reactive Blending of PET and MXD6 in the Molten State”, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 48, 5135–5155 (2010) 10.1002/pola.24312Suche in Google Scholar

Scott, C.E., Macosko, C.W., “Morphology Development during the Initial Stages of Polymer-Polymer Blending”, Polymer, 36, 461–470 (1995) 10.1016/0032-3861(95)91554-KSuche in Google Scholar

Serpe, G., Jarrin, J. and Dawans, F., “Morphology-Processing Relationships in Polyethylene-Polyamide Blends”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 30, 553–565 (1990) 10.1002/pen.760300908Suche in Google Scholar

Shonaike, G. O., Simon, G. P.: Polymer Blends and Alloys, Volume 52, Marcel Dekker Publications, New York (1999)Suche in Google Scholar

Silva, A.L. N., Rocha, M.C. G. and Coutinho, F.M. B., “Study of Rheological Behavior of Elastomer/Polypropylene Blends”, Polym. Test., 21, 289–293 (2002) 10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00084-8Suche in Google Scholar

Sinthavathavorn, W., Nithitanakul, M., Grady, B.P. and Magaraphan, R., “Melt Rheology and Die Swell of PA6/LDPE Blends by Using Lithium Ionomer as a Compatibilizer”, Polym. Bull., 63, 23–35 (2009) 10.1007/s00289-009-0063-xSuche in Google Scholar

Stoclet, G., Seguela, R. and Lefebvre, J.-M., “Morphology, Thermal Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Binary Blends of Compatible Biosourced Polymers: Polylactide/Polyamide11”, Polymer, 52, 1417–1425 (2011) 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.002Suche in Google Scholar

Sundararaj, U., Macosko, C.W., “Drop Breakup and Coalescence in Polymer Blends: The Effects of Concentration and Compatibilization”, Macromolecules, 28, 2647–2657 (1995) 10.1021/ma00112a009Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, G.I., “The viscosity of a Fluid Containing Small Drops of another Fluid”, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 138, 41–48 (1932) 10.1098/rspa.1932.0169Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, G.I., “The Formation of Emulsions in Definable Fields of Flow”, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 146, 501–523 (1934) 10.1098/rspa.1934.0169Suche in Google Scholar

Tol, R., Groeninckz, G., Vinckier, I., Moldenaers, P. and Mewis, J., “Phase Morphology and Stability of Co-Continuous (PPE/PS)/PA6 and PS/PA6 Blends: Effect of Rheology and Reactive Compatibilization”, Polymer, 45, 2587–2601 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.072Suche in Google Scholar

Tomotika, S., “On the Instability of a Cylindrical Thread of a Viscous Liquid Surrounded by another Viscous Fluid”, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 150, 322–337 (1935) 10.1098/rspa.1935.0104Suche in Google Scholar

Utracki, L. A.: Commercial Polymer Blends, Springer, New York (1998) 10.1007/978-1-4615-5789-0Suche in Google Scholar

Utracki, L.A., “Compatibilization of Polymer Blends”, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 80, 1008–1016 (2002) 10.1002/cjce.5450800601Suche in Google Scholar

Van Puyvelde, P., Velankar, S., Mewis, J., Moldenaers, P., Leuven, K.U., “Effect of Marangoni Stresses on the Deformation and Coalescence in Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Blends”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 42, 1956–1964 (2002) 10.1002/pen.11088Suche in Google Scholar

Vinckier, I., Moldenaers, P. and Mewis, J., “Relationship between Rheology and Morphology of Model Blends in Steady Shear Flow”, J. Rheol., 40, 613–631 (1996) 10.1122/1.550800Suche in Google Scholar

Vinckier, I., Moldenaers, P. and Mewis, J., “Transient Rheological Response and Morphology Evolution of Immiscible Polymer Blends”, J. Rheol., 41, 705–717 (1997) 10.1122/1.550870Suche in Google Scholar

Willemse, R.C., Posthuma de Boer, A., van Dam, J. and Gotsis, A.D., “Co-Continuous Morphologies in Polymer Blends: The Influence of the Interfacial Tension”, Polymer, 40, 827–834 (1999) 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00307-3Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, D., Lin, D., Zhang, J., Zhou, W., Zhang, M.Zhang, Y., Wang, D. and Lin, B., “Selective Localization of Nanofillers: Effect on Morphology and Crystallization of PLA/PCL Blends”, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 212, 613–626 (2011) 10.1002/macp.201000579Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, S., “Calculation of Interfacial Tension in Polymer Systems”, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp., 34, 19–30, (1971) 10.1002/polc.5070340105Suche in Google Scholar

Wu, S., “Formation of Dispersed Phase in Incompatible Polymer Blends: Interfacial and Rheological Effects”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 335–343 (1987) 10.1002/pen.760270506Suche in Google Scholar

Yao, Z., Sun, J.-M., Wang, Q. and Cao, K., “Study on Ester–Amide Exchange Reaction between PBS and PA6IcoT”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 751–757 (2011) 10.1021/ie202368zSuche in Google Scholar

Yasuda, M., Amouroux, N., Brule, B., Decraemer, N. and Flat, J.-J., U.S. Patent 20100087585 A1 (2008)Suche in Google Scholar

Yousfi, M., Lepretre, S., Soulestin, J., Vergnes, B., Lacrampe, M.-F. and Krawczak, P., “Processing-Induced Degradation of Nanoclay Organic Modifier in Melt-Mixed PET/PE Blends during Twin Screw Extrusion at Industrial Scale: Effect on Morphology and Mechanical Behavior”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 39712 (2014) 10.1002/app.39712Suche in Google Scholar

Żenkiewicz, M., “Methods for the Calculation of Surface Free Energy of Solids”, J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., 24, 137–145 (2007)Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2016-08-31
Accepted: 2016-12-22
Published Online: 2017-06-13
Published in Print: 2017-07-30

© 2017, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Review Articles
  4. Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites
  5. Regular Contributed Articles
  6. Polymer Flow Behavior Analysis Based on Physical Visualization Technology for Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Injection Molding
  7. Flexural Fatigue Performance of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Step-Wise Functionally and Non-Functionally Graded Composites of Different Structures
  8. Establishment and Effect of Constraint on Different Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite
  9. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Alumina Filled Polypropylene Composites Using Injection Molding Process
  10. Development and Characterization of Polyurethane and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and their Compatibilized Blends
  11. Mechanical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane as a Function of the Amount and Type of Crosslinking Agent
  12. Numerical Investigation of Effect of Rotor Phase Angle in Partially-Filled Rubber Mixing
  13. Method of Calculating the Fluid Permeability of Machined Skin-Covered Porous Sheets from Experimental Flow Data
  14. Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends
  15. A Combined Experimental and Modelling Approach towards an Optimized Heating Strategy in Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Sheets
  16. Analyzing the Influence of Surface Renewal on Diffusive Mass Transport in Vented Single-Screw Extruders
  17. Research on Optimizing Parameters of Thermal Bonding Technique for PMMA Microfluidic Chip
  18. PPS News
  19. PPS News
  20. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
  21. Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3351

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Review Articles
  4. Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites
  5. Regular Contributed Articles
  6. Polymer Flow Behavior Analysis Based on Physical Visualization Technology for Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Injection Molding
  7. Flexural Fatigue Performance of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Step-Wise Functionally and Non-Functionally Graded Composites of Different Structures
  8. Establishment and Effect of Constraint on Different Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite
  9. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Alumina Filled Polypropylene Composites Using Injection Molding Process
  10. Development and Characterization of Polyurethane and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and their Compatibilized Blends
  11. Mechanical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane as a Function of the Amount and Type of Crosslinking Agent
  12. Numerical Investigation of Effect of Rotor Phase Angle in Partially-Filled Rubber Mixing
  13. Method of Calculating the Fluid Permeability of Machined Skin-Covered Porous Sheets from Experimental Flow Data
  14. Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends
  15. A Combined Experimental and Modelling Approach towards an Optimized Heating Strategy in Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Sheets
  16. Analyzing the Influence of Surface Renewal on Diffusive Mass Transport in Vented Single-Screw Extruders
  17. Research on Optimizing Parameters of Thermal Bonding Technique for PMMA Microfluidic Chip
  18. PPS News
  19. PPS News
  20. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
  21. Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 5.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/217.3351/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen