Home Physical Sciences Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites

Published/Copyright: June 13, 2017
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Undesirable features of polymeric materials include insufficient thermal stability under specified exploitation conditions and too high flammability. These features depend on the chemical structure of polymer macromolecules, and composition of polymeric composites. Polymeric materials with increased thermal stability and improved resistance to the action of fire are produced with the use of various types of fillers with nanometric dimensions. Among numerous nanofillers, carbon-based nanofillers such as graphite nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes and graphenes (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and modified graphene) play an essential role. The aim of this report is to highlight the latest findings concerning the effect of carbon fillers, mainly graphene and carbon nanotubes on the thermal properties and flammability of polymer nanocomposites.


*Correspondence address, Mail address: Przemysław Rybiński, Department of Management and Environmental Protection, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland, E-mail:

References

Andrews, R., Jacques, D., Minot, M. and Rantell, T., “Fabrication of Carbon Multiwall Nanotube/Polymer Composites by Shear Mixing”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 287, 395403 (2002) 10.1002/1439-2054(20020601)287:6<395::AID-MAME395>3.0.CO;2-SSearch in Google Scholar

Asari, S., Giannelis, E.P., “Functionalized Graphene Sheet Poly(vinylidiene fluoride) Conductive Nanocomposites”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 47, 88897 (2009) 10.1002/polb.21695Search in Google Scholar

Avinash, M.B., Subrahmanyam, K.S., Sundaraya, Y. and Govindaraju, T., “Covalent Modification and Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide Using Ferrocene”, Nanoscale, 2, 17621766 (2010) 10.1039/c0nr00024hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Bai, L., Wang, Z., Tan, J., Li, H. and Zheng, J., “Study of Distinctions in the Synergistic Effects between Carbon Nanotubes and Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Enhancing Thermal Oxidative Stability of Silicone Rubber”, J. Mater. Sci., 51, 71307144 (2016) 10.1007/s10853-016-9990-8Search in Google Scholar

Bai, L., Zheng, J., “Synergistic Effect of Iron Oxide Modified Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Stability of Silicone Rubber under Different Atmospheres”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 123, 12811291 (2016) 10.1007/s10973-015-5081-3Search in Google Scholar

Becerril, H.A., Man, J., Liu, Z., Stoltenberg, R.M., Bao, Z. and Chen, Y., “Evaluation of Solution- Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Films as Transparent Conductors”, ACS Nano., 2, 463470 (2008) 10.1021/nn700375nSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Bekyarova, E., Jtkis, M.E., Ramesh, P., Berger, C., Sprinkle, M., Heer, W.A. and Haddon, R.C., “Chemical Modification of Epitaxial Graphene: Spontaneous Grafting of Aryl Groups”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 13367 (2009) 10.1021/ja8057327Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Beyer, G., “Carbon Nanotubes as Flame Retardant for Polymers”, Fire Mater., 26, 291293 (2002) 10.1002/fam.805Search in Google Scholar

Bikiaris, D., “Microstructure and Properties of Polypropylene Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites”, Materials, 3, 28842946 (2010) 10.3390/ma3042884Search in Google Scholar

Bocchini, S., Annibale, E., Frache, A. and Camino, G., “MWNT Surface Self-Assembling in Fire Retardant Polyethylene-Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites”, E-Polymers, 20, 111, (2008) 10.1515/epoly.2008.8.1.209Search in Google Scholar

Bocchini, S., Frache, A., Camino, G. and Claes, M., “Polyethylene Thermal Oxidative Stabilisation in Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanocomposites”, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 32223235 (2007) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.05.012Search in Google Scholar

Bourbigot, S., Duquesne, S. and Jama, C., “Polymer Nanocomposites: How to Reach Low Flammability”, Macromol. Symp., 233, 180190 (2006) 10.1002/masy.200690016Search in Google Scholar

Bourlinos, A.B., Gournis, D., Petridis, D., Szabo, T., Szeri, A. and Dekany, A., “Graphite Oxide: Chemical Reduction to Graphite and Surface Modification with Aliphatic Amines and Amino Acids”, Langmuir, 19, 60506055 (2003) 10.1021/la026525hSearch in Google Scholar

Cao, Y., Feng, J. and Wu, P., “Polypropylene Grafted Graphene Oxide Sheets as Multifunctional Compatibilizers for Polyolefin-Based Polymer Blends”, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 1499715005 (2012) 10.1039/c2jm31477kSearch in Google Scholar

Cerin, O., Fontaine, G., Duquesne, S. and Bourbigot, S., “Chapter 6 Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant Elastomeric Nanocomposites”, in Recent Advances in Elastomeric Nanocomposites, Mittal, V., KimJ. K, Pal, K. (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 155176 (2011) 10.1007/978-3-642-15787-5_6Search in Google Scholar

Choi, E.Y., Han, T.H., Hong, J.H., Kim, J.E., Lee, S.H., Kim, H.W. and Kim, S.O., “Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene with End-Functional Polymers”, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 19071912 (2010) 10.1039/b919074kSearch in Google Scholar

Chrissafis, K., Bikiaris, D., “Can Nanoparticles Really Enhance Thermal Stability of Polymers. Part I: An Overview on Thermal Decomposition of Addition Polymers”, Thermochim. Acta, 523, 124 (2011) 10.1016/j.tca.2011.06.010Search in Google Scholar

Cui, Y., Kim, S.N., Jones, S.E., Wissler, L.L., Naik, R.R. and Mcalpine, M.C., “Chemical Functionalization of Graphene Enabled Phage Displayed Peptides”, Nano Lett., 10, 45594565 (2010) 10.1021/nl102564dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Cui, Y., Kundalwal, S.I. and Kumar, S., “Gas Barrier Performance of Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites”, Carbon, 98, 313333 (2016) 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.11.018Search in Google Scholar

Dittrich, B., Wartig, K.-A., Hofmann, D., Mulhaupt, R. and Schartel, B., “Flame Retardancy through Carbon Nanomaterials: Carbon Balck, Multiwall Nanotubes, Expanded Graphite, Multi-Layer Graphene and Graphene in Polypropylene”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98, 14951505 (2013) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.04.009Search in Google Scholar

Dittrich, B., Wartig, K.-A., Hofmann, D., Mulhaupt, R., Schartel, B., “The Influence of Layered, Spherical and Tubular Carbon Nanomaterials, Concentration on the Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene”, Polym. Compos., 36, 12301241 (2015) 10.1002/pc.23027Search in Google Scholar

Dong, J., Zhang, Q., Chen, G.-X. and Li, K.-P., “Preparation and Properties of Graphene/Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber Composites”, China Synthetic Rubber Industry, http://en.cnki.com.cn/article_en/cjfdtotal-hcxf201302010.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G. and Saito, R., “Physics of Carbon Nanotubes”, Carbon, 33, 883891 (1995) 10.1016/0008-6223(95)00017-8Search in Google Scholar

Du, F., Fischer, J.E. and Winey, K.I., “Coagulation Method for Preparing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites and their Modulus, Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Stability”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym Phys., B41, 33333338 (2003) 10.1002/polb.10701Search in Google Scholar

Eda, G., Fanchini, G. and Chhowalla, M., “Large-Area Ultrathin Films of Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Transparent and Flexible Electronic Materials”, Nature Nanotechnol., 3, 270274 (2008) 10.1038/nnano.2008.83Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Fang, M., Wang, K., Lu, H, Yang, Y., amdNutt, S., “Covalent Polymer Functionalization of Graphenenanosheets and Mechanical Properties of Composites”, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 70987105 (2009) 10.1039/b908220dSearch in Google Scholar

Fang, M., Wang, K., Lu, H., Yang, Y. and Nutt, S., “Single-Layer Graphene Nanosheets with Controlled Grafting of Polymer Chains”, J. Matter. Chem., 20, 19821992 (2010) 10.1039/b919078cSearch in Google Scholar

Fereidoon, A., Ahangari, M.G. and Saedodin, S., “Thermal and Structural Behaviours of Polypropylene Nanocomposites Reinforced with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Melt Processing Method”, J. Macromol. Sci. Phys., 48, 196211 (2008) 10.1080/00222340802566176Search in Google Scholar

Gan, L., Shang, S. and Jiang, S.-X., “Impact of Vinyl Concentration of a Silicone Rubber on the Properties of Graphene Oxide Filled Silicone Rubber Composites”, Composites Part B, 84, 294300 (2016) 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.073Search in Google Scholar

Gan, L., Shang, S., Yuen, C.W. M., Jiang, S.-X. and Luo, N.M., “Facile Preparation of Graphene Nanoribbon Filled Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites with Improved Thermal and Mechanical Properties”, Composites Part B, 69, 237242 (2015) 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.019Search in Google Scholar

Gomez-Navarro, C., Weitz, R.T., Bittner, A.M., Scolari, M., Mews, A., Burghard, M. and Kern, K., “Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets”, Nano Lett., 7, 34993503 (2007) 10.1021/nl072090cSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Gorrasi, G., Sarno, M., Bartolomeo, A.D., Sannino, D., Ciambelli, P. and Vittoria, V., “Incorporation of Carbon Nanotubes into Polyethylene by High Energy Ball Milling: Morphology and Physical Properties”, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 45, 597606 (2007) 10.1002/polb.21070Search in Google Scholar

Gupta, A., Chen, G., Joshi, P., Tadigadapa, S. and Ekund, P.C., “Raman Scattering from High-Frequency Phonons in Supported N-Graphene Layer Films”, Nano Lett., 6, 26672673 (2006) 10.1021/nl061420aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Han, Y., Wu, Y., Shen, M., Huang, X., Zhu, X., Zhu, J. and Zhang, X., “Preparation and Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites with Graphite Oxide and Graphene as Flame Retardants”, J. Mater. Sci., 48, 42144222 (2013) 10.1007/s10853-013-7234-8Search in Google Scholar

Heiner, J., Stenberg, B., Persson, M., “Crosslinking of Siloxane Elastomers”, Polym. Test., 22, 253257 (2003) 10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00081-8Search in Google Scholar

Hsiao, M.-C., Liao, S.-H., Lin, Y.-F., Wang, C.-A., Pu, N.-W., Tsai, H.-M., Ma, C.-C., “Preparation and Characterization of Polypropylene Graft-Thermally Reduced Graphite Oxide with Improved Compatybility with Polypropylene- Based Nanocomposite”, Nanoscale, 3, 15161522 (2011) 10.1039/c0nr00981dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Hsiao, M.-C., Liao, S.-H., Yen, M.-Y., Liu, P.I., Pu, N.-W., Wang, C.-A. and Ma, C.C. M., “Preparation of Covalently Functionalized Graphene Using Residual Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups”, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2, 30923099 (2010) 10.1021/am100597dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Hu, W., Yu, B., Jiang, S.-D., Song, L., Hu, Y. and Wang, B., “Hyper-Branched Polymer Grafting Graphene Oxide as an Effective Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for Polystyrene”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 300, 5866 (2015) 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Huang, G.B., Chen, S.Q., Tang, S.W. and Gao, J.R., “A Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant-Functionalized Graphene: Nanocomposite Synthesis, Characterization, and Flammability Properties”, Mater. Chem. Phys., 135, 938947 (2012) 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.05.082Search in Google Scholar

Huang, G., Wang, S., Song, P., Wu, C., Chen, S. and Wang, X., “Combination Effect of Carbon Nanotubes with Graphene on Intumescent Flame-Retardant Polypropylene Nanocomposites”, Composites Part A, 59, 1825 (2014) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.12.010Search in Google Scholar

Hummers, W.S., Offeman, R.E., “Preparation of Graphitic Oxide”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 1339 (1958) 10.1021/ja01539a017Search in Google Scholar

Hussain, F., Hojjati, M., Okamoto, M., Gorga, R.E., “Review Article. Polymer-Matrix Nanocomposites, Processing, Manufacturing, and Application: An Overview”, J. Compos. Mater., 40, 15111575 (2006) 10.1177/0021998306067321Search in Google Scholar

Inuwa, I.M., Hassan, A., Wang, D.-Y., Samsudin, S.A., Mohamad, Haafiz, M.K., Wong, S.L. and Jawaid, M., “Influence of Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets on the Flammability and Thermal Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalane, Polypropylene Nanocomposites”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 110, 137148 (2014) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.025Search in Google Scholar

Jacob, J., Anil, G.Z. and Bhowmick, K., “Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Expanded Graphite Nanocomposites by Solution Intercalation: Preparation, Characterization and Properties”, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 702708 (2008) 10.1007/s10853-007-2193-6Search in Google Scholar

Jijima, S., “Helical Microtubes of Graphitic Carbon”, Nature, 354, 5658 (1991) 10.1038/354056a0Search in Google Scholar

Kalaitzidou, K., Fukushima, H. and Drzal, L.T., “A New Compounding Method for Exfoliated Graphite-Polypropylene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Flexural Properties and Lower Percolation Threshold”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 20452051 (2007) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.014Search in Google Scholar

Kang, S.M., Park, S., Kim, D., Park, S.Y., Ruoff, R.S. and LeeH., “Simultaneous Reduction and Surface Functionalization of Graphene Oxide by Mussel-Inspired Chemistry”, Adv. Funct. Mater., 21, 108112 (2011) 10.1002/adfm.201001692Search in Google Scholar

Kashiwagi, T., Du, F., Winey, K.I., Groth, K.M., Shields, J.R., Bellayer, S.P., Kim, H. and Douglas, J.F., “Flammability Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Effects of Nanotube Dispersion and Concentration”, Polymer, 46, 471481 (2008) 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.087Search in Google Scholar

Kashiwagi, T., Grulke, E., Hilding, J., Groth, K., Harris, R., Butler, K., Shields, J., Kharchenko, S. and Douglas, J., “Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube Naocomposites”, Polymer, 45, 42274239 (2004) 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.088Search in Google Scholar

Kashiwagi, T., Mu, M., Winey, K., Cipriano, B., Raghavan, S.R., Pack, S., Rafailovich, M., Yang, Y., Grulke, E., Shields, J., Harris, R. and Douglas, J., “Relation between the Viscoelastic and Flammability Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites”, Polymer, 49, 43584368 (2008) 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.054Search in Google Scholar

Kim, H., Abdala, A.A. and Macosko, C.W., “Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites”, Macromolecules, 43, 65156530 (2010) 10.1021/ma100572eSearch in Google Scholar

Kim, J., Cote, L.J. and Huang, J., “Two Dimensional Soft Material: New Faces of Graphene Oxide”, Accounts Chem. Res., 45, 13561364 (2012) 10.1021/ar300047sSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Kotsilkova, R., Ivanov, E., Krusteva, E., Silvestre, C., Cimmino, S. and Duraccio, D., “Isotactic Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. Part 2. Thermal and Mechanical Properties Related to the Structure”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 115, 35763585 (2010) 10.1002/app.30413Search in Google Scholar

Kuila, T., Bose, S., Mishra, A.K., Khanra, P., Kim, N.H. and Lee, J.H., “Chemical Functionalization of Graphene and its Applications”, Prog.Mater. Sci., 57, 10611105 (2012) 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.03.002Search in Google Scholar

Laoutid, F., Bonnaud, L., Alexandre, M., Lopez-Cuesta, J.-M., Dubois, P., “New Prospects in Flame Retardant Polymer Materials. From Fudamentals to Nanocomposites”, Mater. Sci. Eng., 63, 100125 (2009) 10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Li, D., Muller, M.B., Gijle, S., Kaner, R.B. and Wallace, G.G., “Processable Aqueous Dispersion of Graphene Nanosheets”, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 101105 (2008) 10.1038/nnano.2007.451Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Peng, S., Pan, B., Lu, C., Liu, H., Ma, J. and Niu, Q., “Fire Property and Charring Behavior of High Impact Polystyrene Containing Expandable Graphite and Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 121, 261270 (2015) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.018Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Duan, L., Zhang, W., Su, M., Sun, Z. and He, P., “Polystyrene/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites Synthesized via Pickering Polymerization”, Prog. Org. Coat., 99, 2331 (2016) 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.04.034Search in Google Scholar

Ma, H.Y., Song, P.A. and Fang, Z.P., “Flame Retarded Polymer Nanocomposites: Development, Trend and Future Perspective”, Science China, 54, 302313 (2011) 10.1007/s11426-010-4196-4Search in Google Scholar

Ma, H., Tong, L., Xu, Z. and Fang, Z., “Clay Network in ABS-Graft-MAH Nanocomposites: Rheology and Flammability”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 92, 14391445 (2007) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.013Search in Google Scholar

Ma, P.-C., Siddiqui, N.A., Marom, G. and Kim, J.-K., “Dispersion and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Polymer Based Nanocomposites: A Review”, Composites, A41, 13451367 (2010) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.07.003Search in Google Scholar

Marosfoi, B.B., Szabo, A., Marosi, G., Tabuani, D., Camino, G. and Pagliari, S., “Thermal and Spectroscopic Characterization of Polypropylene-Carbon Nanotube Composites”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 86, 669673 (2006) 10.1007/s10973-006-7891-9Search in Google Scholar

Mittal, G., Dhand, V., Rhee, K.Y., Park, S.-J. and Lee, W.R., “A Review on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene as Fillers in Reinforced Polymer Composites”, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 1125 (2015) 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.03.022Search in Google Scholar

Morcom, M., Simon, G., “Chapter 17 Polyolefin- Carbon Nanotube Composites”, in Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites, McNally, T., Potschke, P. (Ed.), Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, p. 511544 (2011) 10.1533/9780857091390.2.511Search in Google Scholar

Nemes-Incze, P., Osvatha, Z., Komarasb, K. and Birdo, L.P., “Anomalies in Thickness Measurements of Graphene and Few Layer Graphite Crystals by Trapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy”, Carbon, 46, 14351442 (2008) 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.022Search in Google Scholar

Norazlina, H., Kamal, Y., “Graphene Modifications in Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites: A Review”, Polym. Bull., 72, 931961 (2015) 10.1007/s00289-015-1308-5Search in Google Scholar

Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., GrigorievaI.V., FirsovA.A., “Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films”, Science, 306, 666669 (2004) 10.1126/science.1102896Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Park, S., Dikin, D.A., Nguyen, S.T. and Ruoff, R.S., “Graphene Oxide Sheets Chemically Cross-Linked by Polyallylamine”, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 1580115804 (2009) 10.1021/jp907613sSearch in Google Scholar

Park, S., Ruoff, R.S., “Chemical Methods for the Production of Graphenes”, Nat. Nanotechnol.4, 217224 (2009) 10.1038/nnano.2009.58Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Peeterbroeck, S., Laotid, F., Taulemesse, J.-M., Monteverde, F., Lopez-Cuesta, J.-M., Nagy, J.B., Alexandre, M. and Dubois, P., “Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardant Behaviour of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/High-Density Polyethylene Coated Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites”, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 27872791 (2007) 10.1002/adfm.200600936Search in Google Scholar

Perez, L.D., Zuluaga, M.A., Kyu, T., Mark, J.E., Lopez, B.L. and Tandom, P., “Preparation, Characterization and Physical Properties of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube/Elastomer Composites”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 49, 866874 (2009) 10.1002/pen.21247Search in Google Scholar

Pham, T.A., Kumar, N.A. and Jeong, Y.T., “Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Polyglycerol and their Use as Templates for Anchoring Magnetic Nanoparticles”, Synthetic Metals., 160, 20282036 (2010) 10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.07.034Search in Google Scholar

Pham, V.H., Cuong, T.V., Hur, S.H., Oh, E., Kim, E.J., Shin, E.W. and ChungJ.S., “Chemical Functionalization of Graphene Sheets by Solvothermal Reduction of Graphoene Oxide Suspension in N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone”, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 33713377 (2011) 10.1039/C0JM02790ASearch in Google Scholar

Pielichowski, K., Michałowski, S., “Chapter 12 Nanostructured Flame Retardants: Performance, Toxicity, and Environmental Impact”, in Health and environmental safety of nanomaterials. Polymer nanocomposites and other materials, Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, K., Zhu, H. (Ed), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, p. 251273 (2014) 10.1533/9780857096678.3.251Search in Google Scholar

Purser, D.A., Woolley, W.D., “Biological Studies of Combustion Atmosphere”, J. Fire Sci., 1, 118144 (1983) 10.1177/073490418300100204Search in Google Scholar

Purser, D. A., “Behavioral Impairment in Smoke Environments”, Toxicology; 115, 723 (1996) 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03493-2Search in Google Scholar

Rahmat, M., Hubert, P., “Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Interactions in Nanocomposites: A Review”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 72, 7284 (2011) 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.10.002Search in Google Scholar

Ran, S., Guo, Z., Han, L. and Fang, Z., “Effect of Friedel-Crafts Reaction on the Thermal Stability and Flammability of High-Density Polyetyhylene/Brominated Polystyrene/Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites”, Polym. Int., 63, 18351841 (2014) 10.1002/pi.4705Search in Google Scholar

Roghani-Mamaqani, H., Khezri, K., “A Grafting from Approach to Graft Polystyrene Chains at the Surface of Graphene Nanolayers by RAFT Polymerization: Various Graft Densities from Hydroxyl Groups”, Appl. Surf. Sci., 360, 373382 (2016) 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.041Search in Google Scholar

Rothon, R.N., Hornsby, P.R., “Flame Retardant Effects of Magnesium Hydroxide”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 54, 383385 (1996) 10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00067-5Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Anyszka, R., Imiela, M., Siciński, M., Gozdek, T., “Effect of Modified Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Properties and Flammability of Elastomeric Materials”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 127, 23832396 (2017) 10.1007/s10973-016-5841-8Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G. and Plis, A., “Thermal Properties and Flammability of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Rubbers (EVA) and their Cross-Linked Blends with Nitrile Rubber (NBR)”, Thermochim. Acta, 568, 104114 (2013) 10.1016/j.tca.2013.06.026Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., “Influence of Network Structures of Nitrile Rubbers on their Thermal Properties”, Polimery, 54, 275282 (2009)10.14314/polimery.2009.275Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., “Influence Synergetic Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes and Halogen-Free Flame Retardants on Properties Nitrile Rubber Composites”, Thermochim. Acta, 557, 2430 (2013b) 10.1016/j.tca.2013.01.030Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., “Thermal Stability and Flammability of Nanocomposites Made of Diene Rubbers and Modified Halloysite Nanotubes”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.113, 3141 (2013a) 10.1007/s10973-013-3035-1Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., Dobrzyńska, R. and Kucharska, A., “Effect of Halogenless Flame Retardants on the Thermal Properties and Fire Hazard of Cross-Linked EVM/NBR Rubber Blends”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 115, 771782 (2014) 10.1007/s10973-013-3333-7Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., Helwig, M., Dąbrowski, W. and Majewski, K., “Flammability of Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Rubbers”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 75, 249256 (2004) 10.1023/B:JTAN.0000017346.71038.14Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., Kucharska-Jastrząbek, A., Pająk, A., Wójcik, I., Wesołek, D. and Bujnowicz, K., “Flammability of Vulcanizates of Diene Rubbers”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 107, 12191224 (2012) 10.1007/s10973-011-1728-xSearch in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Pająk, A., Janowska, G. and Jóźwiak, M., “Effect of Hybrid Filler (HNTs-Phthalocyanine) on the Thermal Properties and Flammability of Diene Rubber”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., (2015) 10.1002/APP.42593Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Żukowski, W. and Bradło, D., “Influence of Cenosphere Particles on Thermal Properties Composites of Silicon Rubber”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 122, 13071318 (2015) 10.1007/s10973-015-4829-0Search in Google Scholar

Rybiński, P., Janowska, G., “Effect of Flame Retardants on Thermal Stability and Flammability of Cured Nitrile Rubber”, Polimery, 54, 833839 (2009)10.14314/polimery.2009.833Search in Google Scholar

Safadi, B., Andrews, R. and Grulke, E.A., “Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites: Synthesis and Characterization of Thin Films”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 84, 26602669 (2008) 10.1002/app.10436Search in Google Scholar

Salavagione, H.J., Gomez, M.A. and Martinez, G., “Polymeric Esterification of Graphite Oxide and Poly(vinyl alcohol)”, Macromolecules, 42, 63316334 (2009) 10.1021/ma900845wSearch in Google Scholar

Saleem, H., Edathil, A., Ncube, T., Pokhrel, J., Khoori, S., Abraham, A. and Mittal, V., “Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Thermoset-Graphene Nanocomposites”, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, (2016) 10.1002/mame.201500335Search in Google Scholar

Sengupta, R., Bhattacharya, M., Bandyopadyay, S. and Bhowmick, A.K., “A Review on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Graphite and Modified Graphite Reinforced Polymer Composites”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 36, 638670 (2011) 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.003Search in Google Scholar

Shan, C., Yang, H., Han, D., Zhang, Q., Ivaska, A. and Niu, L., “Water-Soluble Graphene Covalently Functionalized by Biocompatible Poly-L-Lysine”, Langmuir, 25, 1203012033 (2009) 10.1021/la903265pSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Shen, J., Shi, M., Ma, H., Yan, B., Li, N., Hu, Y. and Ye, M., “Synthesis of Hydrophilic and Organophilic Chemically Modified Graphene Oxide Sheets”, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 351, 366370 (2010) 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Shin, H.-J., Kim, K. K., Benayad, A., Yoon, S.-M., Park, H. K., Jung, I.-S., Jin, M. H., Jeong, H.-K, Kim, J. M., Choi, J.-Y. and Lee, Y.-H., “Efficient Reduction of Graphite Oxide by Sodium Borohydride and its Effect on Electrical Conductance”, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 19871992 (2009) 10.1002/adfm.200900167Search in Google Scholar

Si, Y., Samulski, E.T., “Synthesis of Water Soluble Graphene”, Nano Lett., 8, 16791882 (2008) 10.1021/nl080604hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Singh, V., Joung, D., Zhai, L., Das, S., Khondaker, S.I. and SealS., “Graphene Based Materials: Past, Present and Future”, Prog. Mater. Sci., 56, 11781271 (2011) 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003Search in Google Scholar

Somani, P.R., Somani, S.P. and Umeno, M., “Planer Nano-Graphenes From Camphor by CVD”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 430, 5659 (2006) 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.06.081Search in Google Scholar

Song, Y., Yu, J., Yu, L., Alam, F.E., Dai, W., Li, C. and Jiang, N., “Enhancing the Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties of Silicone Rubber by Addition of Graphene Nanoplatelets”, Mater. Des., 88, 950957 (2015) 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.064Search in Google Scholar

Stankovich, S., Dikin, D.A., Dommett, G.H. B., Kohlhaas, K.M., Zimney, E.J., Stach, E.A., Piner, R.D. and Nguyen, S.T., “Graphene Based Polymer Composites”, Nature, 442, 2826 (2006) 10.1038/nature04969Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Stankovich, S., Piner, R.D., Nguyen, S.T. and Ruoff, R.S., “Synthesis and Exfoliation of Isocyanate-Treated Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets”, Carbon, 44, 33423347 (2006) 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.004Search in Google Scholar

Svoboda, P., Theravalappil, R., Poongavalappil, S., Vilacakova, J., Svobodova, D., Mokrejs, P. and Blaha, A., “A Study on Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene-Octene Copolymer/Expandable Graphite Composites”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 52, 12411249 (2012) 10.1002/pen.22192Search in Google Scholar

Tabuani, D., Granelli, W., Camino, G. and Claes, M., “Propylene Based Carbon Nanotubes Composites: Structure and Properties”, E-Polymers, 103, 110 (2007)Search in Google Scholar

Thostenson, E.T., Ren, Z. and Cho, T.-W., “Advances in the Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes and their Composites: A Review”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 61, 18991912 (2001) 10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-XSearch in Google Scholar

Vengatesan, M.R., Mittal, V., “Chapter 6 Polyolefin/Graphene Nanocomposite Materials”, in Handbook of Nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Coating and Materials, Harndy, A. S., Makhlouf, A. S. H., Scharnweber, D., (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 129154 (2015) 10.1016/B978-0-12-799947-0.00006-7Search in Google Scholar

Verdejo, R., Saiz-Arroyo, C., Carretero-Gonzale, J., Barroso-Buans, F., Rodriquez-Perez, M.A. and Lopez-Manchado, M.A., “Physical Properties of Silicone Foams Filled with Carbon Nanotubes and Functionalized Graphene Sheets”, Eur. Polym. J., 44, 27902797 (2008) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.06.033Search in Google Scholar

Wang, G., Wang, B., Park, J., Yang, J., Shen, X. and YaoJ., “Synthesis of Enhanced Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Graphene Oxide Nanosheets by a Solvothermal Method”, Carbon, 47, 6872 (2009)10.1016/j.carbon.2008.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Dou, W., “Preparation of Graphite Oxide (GO) and the Thermal Stability of Silicone Rubber/GO Nanocomposites”, Thermochim. Acta, 529, 2529 (2012) 10.1016/j.tca.2011.11.016Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Li, H. and Zheng, J., “TG-MS Study on the Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Nano-Fe2O3 on the Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Silicone Rubber”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 126, 733742 (2016) 10.1007/s10973-016-5527-2Search in Google Scholar

Watts, P.C. P., Fearon, P.K., Hsu, W.K., Billingham, N.C., Kroto, H.W., Walton, D.R. M., “Carbon Nanotubes as Polymer Antioxidants”, J. Mater. Chem., 13, 491495 (2003) 10.1039/b211328gSearch in Google Scholar

Wen, X., Wang, Y., Gong, J., Liu, J., Tian, N., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Qiu, J. and Tany, T., “Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene/Carbon Black Nanocomposites”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 793801 (2012) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.031Search in Google Scholar

Worsley, K.A., Ramesh, P., Mandal, S.K., Niyogi, S., Jtkis, M.E. and Haddon, R.C., “Soluble Graphene Derived from Graphite Fluoride”, Chem. Phys. Lett., 445, 5156 (2007) 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.07.059Search in Google Scholar

Wu, X., Wang, L., Wu, C., Yu, J., Xie, L., Wang, G. and Jiang, P., “Influence of Char Residues on Flammability of EVA/EG, EVA/NG and EVA/GO Composites”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 5463 (2012) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.10.011Search in Google Scholar

Xu, J., Liu, J. and Li, K., “Application of Functionalized Graphene Oxide in Flame-Retardant Polypropylene”, J. Vinyl Addit. Technol., 21, 278284 (2015)10.1002/vnl.21415Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Y., Bai, H., Lu, G., Li, C. and Shi, G., “Flexible Graphene Films via the Filtration of Water-Soluble Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene Sheets”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 58565857 (2008) 10.1021/ja800745ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Yang, H., Li, F., Shan, C., Han, D., Zhang, Q., Niu, L., “Covalent Functionalization of Chemically Converted Graphene Sheets via Silane and its Reinforcement”, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 46324638 (2009) 10.1039/b901421gSearch in Google Scholar

Yang, H., Shan, C., Li, F., Han, D., Zhang, Q. and Niu, L., “Covalent Functionalization of Polydisperse Chemically Converted Graphene Sheets with Amine-Terminated Ionic Liquid”, Chem. Commun., 26, 38803882 (2009) 10.1039/b905085jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Yaragalla, S., Meera, A.P., Kalarikkal, N. and Thomas, S., “Chemistry Associated with Natural Rubber-Graphene Nanocomposites and its Effect on Physical and Structural Properties”, Ind. Crops Prod., 74, 792802 (2015) 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.079Search in Google Scholar

Ye, L., Wu, Q., Qu, B., “Synergistic Effects and Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Magnesium Hydroxide in Halogen-Free Flame Retardant EVA/MH/MWNT Nanocomposites”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 94, 751756 (2009) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.02.010Search in Google Scholar

Yu, B., Wang, X., Qian, X., Xing, W., Yang, H., Ma, L., Lin, Y., Jiang, S., Sang, L., Hu, Y. and Lo, S., “Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Phosphoramide Oligomer Hybrids Flame Retardant Prepared via in situ Polymerization for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene”, RSC Adv., 4, 31782 (2014) 10.1039/C3RA45945DSearch in Google Scholar

Yuan, B., Bao, C., Song, L., Hong, N.N., Liew, K.M. and Hu, Y., “Preparation of Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Polypropylene Nanocomposite with Significantly Improved Thermal Stability and Studies on the Crystalization Behaviour and Mechanical Properties”, Chem. Eng. J., 237, 411420 (2014) 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.030Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Feng, S.Y. and Ma, Q.Y., “Kinetics of the Thermal Degradation and Thermal Stability of Conductive Silicone Rubber Filled with Conductive Carbon Black”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89, 15481554 (2003) 10.1002/app.12277Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y.L., Stodolart, J.F., “Noncovalent Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes”, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 11611171 (2009) 10.1021/ar900056zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhou, K., Wang, B., Liu, J., Jiang, S., Shi, Y., Zhang, Q., Hu, Y. and Gui, Z., “The Influence of α-FeOOH/rGO Hybrids on the Improved Thermal Stability and Smoke Suppresion Properties in Polystyrene”, Mater. Res. Bull., 53, 272279 (2014) 10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.02.029Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, K., Gui, Z. and Hu, Y., “The Influence of Graphene Based Smoke Suppression Agents on Reduced Fire Hazards of Polystyrene Composites”, Composites Part A, 80, 217227 (2016) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.029Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, Y., Higginbotham, A.L. and Tour, J.M., “Covalent Functionalization of Surfactant-Wrapped Graphene Nanoribbons”, Chem. Mater., 21, 52845291 (2009) 10.1021/cm902939nSearch in Google Scholar

Received: 2016-06-27
Accepted: 2016-11-24
Published Online: 2017-06-13
Published in Print: 2017-07-30

© 2017, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Review Articles
  4. Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites
  5. Regular Contributed Articles
  6. Polymer Flow Behavior Analysis Based on Physical Visualization Technology for Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Injection Molding
  7. Flexural Fatigue Performance of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Step-Wise Functionally and Non-Functionally Graded Composites of Different Structures
  8. Establishment and Effect of Constraint on Different Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite
  9. Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Alumina Filled Polypropylene Composites Using Injection Molding Process
  10. Development and Characterization of Polyurethane and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and their Compatibilized Blends
  11. Mechanical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane as a Function of the Amount and Type of Crosslinking Agent
  12. Numerical Investigation of Effect of Rotor Phase Angle in Partially-Filled Rubber Mixing
  13. Method of Calculating the Fluid Permeability of Machined Skin-Covered Porous Sheets from Experimental Flow Data
  14. Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends
  15. A Combined Experimental and Modelling Approach towards an Optimized Heating Strategy in Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Sheets
  16. Analyzing the Influence of Surface Renewal on Diffusive Mass Transport in Vented Single-Screw Extruders
  17. Research on Optimizing Parameters of Thermal Bonding Technique for PMMA Microfluidic Chip
  18. PPS News
  19. PPS News
  20. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
  21. Seikei-Kakou Abstracts
Downloaded on 2.4.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/217.3316/html
Scroll to top button