Characterization and properties of industrial polymer matrix composite sanitarywares

Gökhan Açıkbaş; Hasan Göçmez

doi:10.3139/120.111111

Artikel

Characterization and properties of industrial polymer matrix composite sanitarywares

Gökhan Açıkbaş und Hasan Göçmez

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. November 2017

Veröffentlicht von

Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill

Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen

Aus der Zeitschrift Materials Testing Band 59 Heft 11-12

Abstract

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) play an increasingly important role in everyday life from energy conservation to national security. Recently, PMCs have been found to be used for sanitaryware due to their low density, giving a sense of warmth, which allows application for broad aesthetic features, high impact resistance, the ease of shaping and the possibility to produce thin sections. It is an alternative to ceramic sanitaryware products. While thin section PMC products range in the forefront with lightness and aesthetic features, thick section PMC products are aroused interest because of the impact resistance and ease of production. Little attention is devoted to the characterization of PMC sanitarywares up to date. Therefore, in order to identify manufacturing processes and determination of the chemical and mineralogical composition, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with SE, BSE and EDX detector, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) analysis of commercial PMC sanitarywares with two different structures (thick and thin sections) were carried out. Mechanical properties such as three-point flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact resistance were identified. As a result of these studies, matrix to filler ratio, filler shape, size and composition and manufacturing technique of PMC sanitarywares were determined. Such understanding is necessary in order to satisfy the market request and to improve the properties of the sanitarywares.

Kurzfassung

Polymermatrixkomposite (Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)) nehmen einen zunehmenden Stellenwert im täglichen Leben ein, angefangen von der Energieeinsparung bis hin zur nationalen Sicherheit. Kürzlich konnten PMCs in einer neuen Anwendung für Sanitärprodukte eingesetzt werden, und zwar aufgrund ihres geringen spezifischen Gewichtes, des Wärmegefühls, der möglichen Einsetzbarkeit für eine breite Palette von ästhetischen Merkmalen, der hohen Schlagfestigkeit sowie der einfachen Formgebung und der Möglichkeit, dünne Querschnitte produzieren zu können. Sie stellen eine Alternative zu keramischen Sanitärprodukten dar. Während dünnwandige PMC-Produkte aufgrund ihrer Leichtigkeit und ihrer ästhetischen Merkmale an erster Stelle stehen, haben auch dickwandige PMC-Produkte aufgrund ihrer Schlagfestigkeit und der leichten Herstellbarkeit Interesse geweckt. Allerdings wurde der Charakterisierung von PMC-Sanitärprodukten bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Um daher Herstellprozesse zu identifizieren und um die chemische und mineralische Zusammensetzung zu bestimmen, wurden Lichtmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit SE-, BSE- und EDX-Detektor, Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Röntgenfluoreszenz Spektroskopie (XRF) und Thermogravimetrische Analyse (TG/DTA) eingesetzt, um kommerzielle PMC-Sanitärprodukte mit zwei verschiedenen Strukturen (dünnwandig und dickwandig) zu untersuchen. Es wurden die mechanischen Eigenschaften, wie die Drei-Punkt-Biegefestigkeit und die Schlagfestigkeit ermittelt. Als ein Ergebnis der diesem Beitrag zugrunde liegenden Studie wurden das Verhältnis von Matrix zu Füllmaterial, die Füllwerkstoffform, -größe und -zusammensetzung sowie das Herstellverfahren ermittelt. Ein diesbezügliches Verständnis wird als notwendig erachtet, um die Marktanforderungen zu erfüllen und um die Eigenschaften der Sanitärprodukte zu verbessern.

*Correspondence Address, Assist. Prof. Dr. Gökhan Açıkbaş, Metallurgy Program, Vocational School, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey, E-mail: gokhan.acikbas@bilecik.edu.tr

Assistant Prof. Dr. Gökhan Açıkbaş, born in 1979, studied Materials Science and Engineering with specialization in characterization of ceramics and polymer matrix composites. He received BSc and MSc degrees in Ceramic Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey, in 2002 and 2007, respectively, and PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the same university in 2016. He worked in TÜBİTAK Ceramic Research Center from 2003 to 2008 and in Eczacıbaşı Vitra Company from 2008 to 2011. Since 2011, he has been working at Bilecik Seyh Edebali University in Bilecik, Turkey.

Prof. Dr. Hasan Göçmez, born in 1971, received his BSc degree from the Department of Metallurgical Engineering of the University of Middle East Technical, Ankara, Turkey, in 1995, and his MSc and PhD degrees in Material/Ceramic Engineering from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, in 1997 and 2001, respectively. He has experience in ceramic processing, nanomaterials and photovoltaic materials. He is currently Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Dumlupinar University in Kutahya, Turkey.

References

1 D.Fortuna: Ceramic Technology Sanitaryware, Gruppo Editoriale Faenza Editrice, Spain (2000)Suche in Google Scholar

2 UNI 4542: Sanitary Appliances, Terminology and Classification, Italian Standardization Institute, Rome, Italy (1986)Suche in Google Scholar

3 BS 3402: Specification for Quality of Vitreous China Sanitary Appliances, British Standardization Institute, London, UK (1969)Suche in Google Scholar

4 R.Anwar, H. R.Kamarun, V. V.Vermol, O. H.Hassan: Marble dust incorporate in standard local ceramic body as enhancement in sanitaryware products, Proc. of the IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research (CHUSER 2011), IEEE Xplore, Penang, Malaysia (2011), pp. 355–357Suche in Google Scholar

5 R.Bartusch: Energy saving potentials in the ceramic industry, Interceram53 (2004), No. 5, pp. 312–317Suche in Google Scholar

6 F.Singer, S. S.Singer: Industrial Ceramics, 1^st Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, UK (1963)10.1007/978-94-017-5257-2Suche in Google Scholar

7 http://www.duravit.com.tr/website/anasayfa/ueruenler/malzeme_bilgisi/vitrifiye.tr-tr.html (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

8 D. Y.Tuncel, E.Özel: Evaluation of pyroplastic deformation in sanitaryware porcelain bodies, Ceramics International38 (2012), No. 2, pp. 1399–140710.1016/j.ceramint.2011.09.019Suche in Google Scholar

9 http://www.stainlessdesign.co.uk/acatalog/index.html (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

10 http://www.wallgate.comv (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

11 http://miral.burgbad.de/en/mineral-cast (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

12 http://www.mbd-bathrooms.co.uk (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

13 http://www.kaolin.com.tr/imagess/hpfproduktu%CC%88bersich_gdzv2t2_17936.pdf (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

14 http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/construction-materials/surface-design-materials/brands/corian-solid-surfaces.html (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

15 http://www.lghausys.com/eng/product/interior/surfaces/subindex_ss.jsp (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

16 http://www.gypsysanitaryware.co.za/aboutus1.htm (04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

17 A.Aruniit, J.Kers, K.Tall: Influence of filler proportion on mechanical and physical properties of particulate composite, Agronomy Research Biosystem Engineering1 (2011), pp. 23–29Suche in Google Scholar

18 R. M.Wang, S. R.Zheng, Y.Zheng: Polymer Matrix Composites and Technology, 1^st Ed., Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and Science Press, Cornwall, UK (2011)Suche in Google Scholar

19 P. G.Osborn, D. W. J.Osmond, B. J.Thorpe: Inorganic Reinforcing Phase Dispersed and Bonded to Polymer Matrix, United State Patents, US4251576 A (1981)Suche in Google Scholar

20 L.Chi: Resin-Based Composite Sanitary Ware and Preparation Method United State Patents, US8474070 B2 (2013)Suche in Google Scholar

21 S.Black: Cast polymer categories, Composites World19 (2013), No. 4, pp. 28–33Suche in Google Scholar

22 ASTM C1605-04: Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Materials Using Wavelength Dispersive X-rRay Fluorescence Spectrometry, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2014)Suche in Google Scholar

23 ASTM C323-56: Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2016)Suche in Google Scholar

24 ASTM D2584-08: Standard Test Method for Ignition Loss on Cured Reinforced Resins, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2008)Suche in Google Scholar

25 ASTM D256-10e1: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2010)Suche in Google Scholar

26 ASTM D790-17: Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2017)Suche in Google Scholar

27 G.Açıkbaş, S.Özcan, N. ÇalışAçıkbaş: Production and characterization of a hybrid polymer matrix compositePolymer Composites (2017) 10.1002/pc.24471Suche in Google Scholar

28 W. A.Hanna, F. E.Gharib, I. I.Marhoon: Characterization of ceramic filled polymer matrix composite used for biomedical application, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering10 (2011), No. 12, pp. 1167–117810.4236/jmmce.2011.1012089Suche in Google Scholar

29 http://www.poliya.com/en/products/polipol_polyester/solid_surface_casting/ (accessed 04-13-2017)Suche in Google Scholar

30 N. CalisAcikbas, G.Acikbas: Epoxy matrix composites containing urea formaldehyde waste particulate filler, Waste and Biomass Valorization8 (2017), No. 3, pp. 669–67810.1007/s12649-016-9651-9Suche in Google Scholar

31 G.Acikbas, N. CalisAcikbas, E.Ikizek, M.Ozel, A. S.Eker: Characterization of green epoxy matrix composites filled with ceramic wastes, Proc. of the 2^nd International Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Science, Karabuk, Turkey (2014), pp. 597–606Suche in Google Scholar

32 M.Koleva, A.Zheglov, V.Vassilev, E.Fidancevska, M.Milosevski, G.Vassilev: Strength characteristics of polymer composites with waste dust from power production, Proc. of International Scientific Conference (UNITECH'07), Technical University of Gabrovo, Gabrova, Bulgaria (2007), pp. 47–52Suche in Google Scholar

33 I. A.Madugu, M.Abdulwahab, V. S.Aigbodion: Effect of iron fillings on the properties and microstructure of cast fiber-polyester/iron filings particulate composite, Journal of Alloys Compounds476 (2009), No. 1, pp. 807–81110.1016/j.jallcom.2008.09.165Suche in Google Scholar

34 F. N.Ahmad, M.Jaafar, S.Palaniandy, K. A. M.Azizli: Effect of particle shape of silica mineral on the properties of epoxy composites, Composites Science and Technology68 (2008), pp. 346–35310.1016/j.compscitech.2007.07.015Suche in Google Scholar

35 M. S.Sreekanth, V. A.Bambole, S. T.Mhaske, P. A.Mahanwar: Effect of concentration of mica on properties of polyester thermoplastic elastomer composites, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering8 (2009), No. 3, pp. 271–28210.4236/jmmce.2009.84024Suche in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2017-11-21

Published in Print: 2017-11-15

Sie haben derzeit keinen Zugang zu diesem Inhalt.

Artikel in diesem Heft

https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111111