Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production
-
Adeeb Hayyan
,
Farouq Mjalli
Abstract
Acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g−1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25–3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40–80°C, reaction time of 3–150 min, and stirrer speed of 100–500 min−1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min−1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g−1 to less than 1 mg g−1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g−1).
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© 2011 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
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Articles in the same Issue
- Layered double hydroxides — multifunctional nanomaterials
- A novel reagent for spectroscopic determination of Mo(VI)
- Influence of chemical composition of nanocrystalline iron’s surface on the rates of two parallel reactions: nitriding and catalytic decomposition of ammonia
- Application of 2-(octylsulphanyl)benzoic acid as Pb2+ selective ionophore in hybrid membrane system
- Additive-assisted Rupe rearrangement of 1-ethynylcyclohexan-1-ol in near-critical water
- Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production
- Synthesis, structure, and luminescent properties of two novel polynuclear complexes of 1,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)propane-1,3-dione
- Mixed-ligand complexes of boric acid with organic biomolecules
- Ultrasound-assisted rapid synthesis of β-aminoketones with direct-type catalytic Mannich reaction using bismuth(III) triflate in aqueous media at room temperature
- Design, synthesis, preliminary pharmacological evaluation, and docking studies of pyrazoline derivatives
- One-pot synthesis and luminescent spectra of 3-allyl substituted quinazoline-2,4-dione derivatives as allyl capping agents
