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Nanostructure reveals REE mineral crystallization mechanisms in granites from a heavy REE deposit, South China

  • Aiguo Shi ORCID logo , Cheng Xu , Anton R. Chakhmouradian , Martin P. Smith , Jindrich Kynicky , Chaoxi Fan , Chunwan Wei and Guangxi Kuang
Published/Copyright: December 1, 2022
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 107 Issue 12

Abstract

Weathering crusts after granites are the most important source of heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) worldwide. Although HREE in these deposits is known to be inherited from parental rocks, the origin of HREE enrichment and the reasons why it is rare outside of China remains unclear. Here, we report the occurrence of variably organized nanoparticles of Ce-poor (<0.2 wt%), Nd-Y-rich bastnäsite-(La), and associated cerianite in parental granites from a HREE deposit, South China. The mineral contains high-HREE abundances (up to 13 wt% Y2O3). Synchrotron radiation-induced X‑ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses suggest that the mineral grew as disordered nanocrystals and (nearly) coaligned nanoparticle aggregations, thus supporting “nonclassical” crystallization mechanisms by particle attachment under hydrothermal conditions. The nanocrystalline Ce-poor, Nd-Y-rich bastnäsite-(La) precipitated at rapidly decreasing temperature related to the influx of externally derived fluids, which caused CO2-H2O immiscibility and REE supersaturation. This interpretation is supported by petrographic data and microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in quartz. Unusually high fO2 resulted in Ce oxidation and decoupling from trivalent lanthanides, producing polycrystalline mineralization.

Keywords: Ce-poor and Nd-Y-rich bastnäsite-(La); nanoparticles; crystallization by particle attachment; oxygen fugacity; REE deposits; South China granite

Funding statement: This research was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41825008, 92162219) and Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Guike AB22035045, 2020GXNSFGA297003). M.S. acknowledges support from the UK-RI Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/V008935/1. J.K. was supported by the Czech Science Foundation GACR EXPRO (grant number 19-29124X).

Acknowledgments

We thank Bin Wu and Zhenyu Chen for mineral analyses. Zheng Zhao, Yan Li, Ming Tang, and Jin Liu are gratefully acknowledged for their assistance in the field and data discussions. We are grateful to Daniel E. Harlov for handling this manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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Received: 2021-09-20
Accepted: 2021-12-08
Published Online: 2022-12-01
Published in Print: 2022-12-16

© 2022 by Mineralogical Society of America

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  12. Crystal shapes, triglyphs, and twins in minerals: The case of pyrite
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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8309
Keywords for this article
Ce-poor and Nd-Y-rich bastnäsite-(La); nanoparticles; crystallization by particle attachment; oxygen fugacity; REE deposits; South China granite

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Oxidation of arcs and mantle wedges: It’s not all about iron and water
  2. Paragenesis of Li minerals in the Nanyangshan rare-metal pegmatite, Northern China: Toward a generalized sequence of Li crystallization in Li-Cs-Ta-type granitic pegmatites
  3. The new mineral tomiolloite, Al12(Te4+O3)5[(SO3)0.5(SO4)0.5](OH)24: A unique microporous tellurite structure
  4. Authigenic anatase nanoparticles as a proxy for sedimentary environment and porewater pH
  5. Color effects of Cu nanoparticles in Cu-bearing plagioclase feldspars
  6. Expanding the speciation of terrestrial molybdenum: Discovery of polekhovskyite, MoNiP2, and insights into the sources of Mo-phosphides in the Dead Sea Transform area
  7. Sound speed and refractive index of amorphous CaSiO3 upon pressure cycling to 40 GPa
  8. Calorimetric study of skutterudite (CoAs2.92) and heazlewoodite (Ni3S2)
  9. Melting phase equilibrium relations in the MgSiO3-SiO2 system under high pressures
  10. Effects of hydrostaticity and Mn-substitution on dolomite stability at high pressure
  11. Crystallization of bastnäsite and burbankite from carbonatite melt in the system La(CO3)F-CaCO3-Na2CO3 at 100 MPa
  12. Crystal shapes, triglyphs, and twins in minerals: The case of pyrite
  13. Nanostructure reveals REE mineral crystallization mechanisms in granites from a heavy REE deposit, South China
  14. Paratobermorite, Ca4(Al0.5Si0.5)2Si4O16(OH)·2H2O·(Ca·3H2O), a new tobermorite-supergroup mineral with a novel topological type of the microporous crystal structure
  15. Morphological and chemical characterization of secondary carbonates in the Toki granite, central Japan, and the evolution of fluid chemistry
  16. Characteristics and formation of corundum within syenite in the Yushishan rare metal deposits in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
  17. Hydrogen solubility in FeSi alloy phases at high pressures and temperatures
  18. First evidence of dmisteinbergite (CaAl2Si2O8 polymorph) in high-grade metamorphic rocks
  19. New Mineral Names
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