Startseite The role of magma mixing, identification of mafic magma inputs, and structure of the underlying magmatic system at Mount St. Helens
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The role of magma mixing, identification of mafic magma inputs, and structure of the underlying magmatic system at Mount St. Helens

  • William P. Leeman EMAIL logo und Diane R. Smith
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. November 2018
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 103 Heft 12

Abstract

Mount St. Helens (MSH) volcano, in the southern Washington Cascades arc, has produced dominantly dacitic to andesitic magmatic products over the last 300 ka. Basaltic to basaltic andesitic magmas erupted only during the relatively brief (ca. 2100–1800 yr B.P.) Castle Creek period from vents separated by no more than a few kilometers. They provide a unique perspective on the evolution of this volcano. Despite close temporal and spatial proximity, these mafic magmas define two distinct compositional lineages: (1) low-K tholeiites (LKT) and (2) basalts of “oceanic island” or intraplate affinity (or IPB). Both lack typical arc geochemical signatures and appear to derive from distinct mantle sources, neither of which has been significantly modified by slab-derived fluid or melt components. No true calc-alkalic basalts have erupted from MSH despite its obvious arc setting. Each lineage includes derivative lavas that range from ~7 to 5 wt% MgO and ~49 to 55 wt% SiO2, and both are slightly porphyritic with dominantly olivine and plagioclase, minor spinel, and trace clinopyroxene in some but not all samples. With respect to incompatible elements (e.g., K, La, Nb, Th, etc.), compositional trends for the two lineages are dramatically different and inconsistent with simple fractional crystallization processes. The data instead suggest that each lineage was produced dominantly by mixing between distinct parental LKT and IPB basaltic magmas and material of intermediate composition roughly similar to average MSH andesite. Mineralogical characteristics of macrocrysts in MSH basalts indicate that they do not represent equilibrium assemblages. Olivine compositions and textures in some samples implicate accumulation of crystals formed from multiple magmas, and evidence for magma mixing is reinforced by the rare presence of “blebs” of rhyolitic glass. These assemblages of crystals presumably are derived from different magmas and/or older MSH magmatic products (including crystal mush zones) within crustal conduit systems.

Extrapolation of compositional trends (“mixing arrays”) to higher MgO content implicates the involvement of three types of parental magma: primitive LKT as well as distinct nepheline- and hypersthene-normative IPBs (or ne-IPB and hy-IPB), variants of which have erupted repeatedly from monogenetic vents in this sector of the Cascades. Such magmas are interpreted to form from distinct lherzolitic mantle sources (less fertile, with lower clinopyroxene content for LKT) at depths on the order of 80 (LKT) and 50–60 (IPBs) kilometers, under near-anhydrous conditions, in response to decompression rather than flux-melting.

We also report a set of self-consistent estimates of temperature, pressure, water content, magma density, and weight fraction of “andesitic” mixing component for samples of each lineage. These parameters are highly correlated and serve to constrain the structure of the magma feeder system beneath MSH. A dynamic continuum of melt compositions is likely present, controlled principally by temperature and density gradients within the system. We envisage that during Castle Creek time the most primitive basaltic magmas formed distinct reservoirs in the deep crust, with the ne-IPB variant near 28 km depth and the LKT variant near 23 km. More silicic members of these lineages appear to have evolved at depths between ~20–15 km. We suggest that reservoir depths were controlled mainly by magma density that, in turn, is largely determined by the degree of mixing with “andesitic” components at crustal depths. This configuration implies a vertical magmatic plexus with connections extending well into the upper mantle. The sharp chemical distinction between the LKT and IPB mixing arrays suggests that the respective feeder systems were isolated and rarely interacted despite their close proximity.

Finally, it appears that the presence of large, complex, and long-lived conduit systems beneath stratovolcanoes can act as “magma traps,” within which deeper-seated (mantle) inputs are prone to modification by interaction with stored magmas and their differentiation products. In contrast, the occurrence of relatively primitive basalts from monogenetic vents distal from stratovolcanoes implies that diverse basaltic magmas ascend beneath virtually the entire arc segment and that the true complexity of this “mantle wind” is locally masked by modifications within the crust.

Keywords: Cascades arc; Mount St. Helens; basalts; magma mixing; magma plumbing

Acknowledgments

This investigation benefitted from interaction in the field with numerous individuals including Don Mullineaux, Russ Evarts, Mike Clynne, and John Pallister, and by laboratory support from John Chesley and Chris Hawkesworth and staff (isotopic analyses), Godfrey Fitton (XRF analyses), Cin-Ty Lee and Arnaud Agranier (ICP-MS analyses), and Donggao Zhao (EMP analyses). We thank Keith Putirka, David Neave, Dan Kelley, Laura Waters, and Andrew Berry for information and advice. We also thank Frank Tepley, Lucy McGee, and editor Susanne Straub for their positive reviews and suggestions that greatly improved the presentation of this work. Finally, we thank the University of Texas for access to their EMP, and the W.M. Keck Foundation for funding for acquisition of the Trinity University SEM. This work was partly funded by research grants to W.P.L. from the National Science Foundation. D.R.S. thanks Trinity University for support from faculty development funds.

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Received: 2018-03-16
Accepted: 2018-08-01
Published Online: 2018-11-28
Published in Print: 2018-12-19

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Letter
  2. Rapid solid-state sintering in volcanic systems
  3. How geometry and anisotropy affect residual strain in host-inclusion systems: Coupling experimental and numerical approaches
  4. Special collection: Earth analogs for martian geological materials and processes
  5. Diverse mineral assemblages of acidic alteration in the Rio Tinto area (southwest Spain): Implications for Mars
  6. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  7. Archaean hydrothermal fluid modified zircons at Sunrise Dam and Kanowna Belle gold deposits, Western Australia: Implications for post-magmatic fluid activity and ore genesis
  8. Special collection: Water in nominally hydrous and anhydrous minerals
  9. New high-pressure phases in MOOH (M = Al, Ga, In)
  10. Articles
  11. Nuwaite (Ni6GeS2) and butianite (Ni6SnS2), two new minerals from the Allende meteorite: Alteration products in the early solar system
  12. The role of magma mixing, identification of mafic magma inputs, and structure of the underlying magmatic system at Mount St. Helens
  13. Thermodynamic properties of natural melilites
  14. Thermal conductivity anomaly in spin-crossover ferropericlase under lower mantle conditions and implications for heat flow across the core-mantle boundary
  15. Electronic properties and compressional behavior of Fe–Si alloys at high pressure
  16. Diffusion of molybdenum and tungsten in anhydrous and hydrous granitic melts
  17. High-pressure single-crystal structural analysis of AlSiO3OH phase egg
  18. Structural variations along the apatite F-OH join
  19. Raman modes of carbonate minerals as pressure and temperature gauges up to 6 GPa and 500 °C
  20. Crystallization conditions of micas in oxidized igneous systems
  21. The role of crustal melting in the formation of rhyolites: Constraints from SIMS oxygen isotope data (Chon Aike Province, Patagonia, Argentina)
  22. New Mineral Names
  23. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6555
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Cascades arc; Mount St. Helens; basalts; magma mixing; magma plumbing

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Letter
  2. Rapid solid-state sintering in volcanic systems
  3. How geometry and anisotropy affect residual strain in host-inclusion systems: Coupling experimental and numerical approaches
  4. Special collection: Earth analogs for martian geological materials and processes
  5. Diverse mineral assemblages of acidic alteration in the Rio Tinto area (southwest Spain): Implications for Mars
  6. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  7. Archaean hydrothermal fluid modified zircons at Sunrise Dam and Kanowna Belle gold deposits, Western Australia: Implications for post-magmatic fluid activity and ore genesis
  8. Special collection: Water in nominally hydrous and anhydrous minerals
  9. New high-pressure phases in MOOH (M = Al, Ga, In)
  10. Articles
  11. Nuwaite (Ni6GeS2) and butianite (Ni6SnS2), two new minerals from the Allende meteorite: Alteration products in the early solar system
  12. The role of magma mixing, identification of mafic magma inputs, and structure of the underlying magmatic system at Mount St. Helens
  13. Thermodynamic properties of natural melilites
  14. Thermal conductivity anomaly in spin-crossover ferropericlase under lower mantle conditions and implications for heat flow across the core-mantle boundary
  15. Electronic properties and compressional behavior of Fe–Si alloys at high pressure
  16. Diffusion of molybdenum and tungsten in anhydrous and hydrous granitic melts
  17. High-pressure single-crystal structural analysis of AlSiO3OH phase egg
  18. Structural variations along the apatite F-OH join
  19. Raman modes of carbonate minerals as pressure and temperature gauges up to 6 GPa and 500 °C
  20. Crystallization conditions of micas in oxidized igneous systems
  21. The role of crustal melting in the formation of rhyolites: Constraints from SIMS oxygen isotope data (Chon Aike Province, Patagonia, Argentina)
  22. New Mineral Names
  23. Book Review
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