Startseite Naturwissenschaften Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Kaskanak Batholith and genesis of the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska
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Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Kaskanak Batholith and genesis of the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska

  • Nansen H. Olson EMAIL logo , John H. Dilles , Adam J.R. Kent und James R. Lang
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 31. Juli 2017
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 102 Heft 8

Abstract

The key magmatic processes that lead to the formation of large magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry copper mineral deposits remain uncertain, and a particular question is why a few of these deposits, such as the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, are strongly enriched in both gold and molybdenum. This study investigated the igneous rocks of the Pebble district and obtained major and trace element compositions, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, and zircon age and trace element data to model the origin of the ore-forming magmas.

The Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, one of the world’s largest Cu-Au resources, formed during the final stages of regional Late Cretaceous arc magmatism (101–88 Ma) in the Southwest Alaska Range. Local pre-mineral intrusions (99–95 Ma) are dominated by alkaline compositions including monzodiorite stocks, shoshonite dikes, and monzonite porphyries, but also include lesser volumes of high-K calc-alkaline diorite and granodiorite sills. The occurrence of early alkaline magmas has been noted at other gold-rich porphyry systems, including Bingham and Kerr-Sulfurets-Mitchell. Mineralization at Pebble is associated with granodiorite to granite porphyry dikes related to the >165 km2 high-K calc-alkaline Kaskanak granodiorite batholith (91–89 Ma). Over a period of 10 m.y., Late Cretaceous melts evolved from high temperatures (930–730 °C) and modestly hydrous and oxidized conditions to relatively low temperatures (760–680 °C) and very hydrous and oxidized conditions. Collectively, all Late Cretaceous igneous rocks at Pebble contain magnetite and little or no ilmenite, are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, and have typical arc trace element enrichments and depletions. They have moderate Sr/Y ratios (20–55) and gently sloped REE profiles (La/Yb = 5–20) that are not adakitic, which supports a source area lacking garnet that is consistent with a thin crust in southwest Alaska.

Radiogenic isotopes for Late Cretaceous intrusions at Pebble have a restricted range of primitive Sr and Nd isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sri = 0.70329–0.70424; εNdi = 4.9–6.1), which overlap with volcanic and plutonic basement rocks of the Jurassic Talkeetna Arc along the Alaska Peninsula. The Kaskanak batholith intrudes the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Kahiltna flysch, and mixing models using Sr and Nd isotopes indicate that the Kaskanak batholith assimilated ≤10 wt% Kahiltna flysch in amounts that did not likely affect magma fertility. Xenocrystic zircon samples are abundant in Cretaceous pre-mineral intrusions and have U-Pb ages similar to detrital zircon samples in the Kahiltna flysch. These data support some assimilation of upper crustal Kahiltna flysch, but the dominance of Devonian–Mississippian xenocrystic zircon populations in some intrusions suggests derivation from unexposed older basement.

The extraordinary endowment of Cu and Au at Pebble is inferred to result from primitive calc-alkaline and alkaline arc magmas and the hydrous and strongly oxidized conditions that suppressed the formation and fractionation of Cu- and Au-enriched sulfide melts. Furthermore, differentiation to silicic compositions was a product of extensive crystal fractionation of parental melts accompanied by minor crustal assimilation. The trace element content of the intermediate composition intrusions indicates that both hornblende and titanite fractionation processes in the mid- to shallow-crust were both required to produce the more evolved granodiorite and granite porphyry compositions. Despite the apparent lack of Mo-enriched continental crust in the region, primitive hydrous melts were produced by protracted arc magmatism and were modified by minor crustal assimilation including early alkaline magmatism, periodic recharge of mafic hydrous basalts and hybrid andesites, and fractional crystallization, which was apparently sufficient to enrich Mo in late stage felsic melts.

Keywords: Pebble; Kaskanak; porphyry; Cu-Au-Mo; southwest Alaska; SW Alaska Range; Cretaceous

Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the many geologists employed by the Pebble Partnership who facilitated core sampling and logging, and provided necessary logistical support for the project. We thank Matt Coble and Joe Wooden of the USGS-Stanford SHRIMP-RG lab for assistance with data processing and interpretation. We greatly thank Eric Seedorff and an anonymous reviewer for their feedback, which greatly improved this manuscript. Additionally, we thank fellow OSU VIPER faculty and students for thoughtful discussions and support. This research was supported by the Pebble Partnership, and in part by NSF Grants EAR-1049792 and EAR-1447730.

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Received: 2016-12-8
Accepted: 2017-4-28
Published Online: 2017-7-31
Published in Print: 2017-8-28

© 2017 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  2. How many boron minerals occur in Earth’s upper crust?
  3. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials
  4. Network analysis of mineralogical systems
  5. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  6. Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Kaskanak Batholith and genesis of the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska
  7. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  8. Physicochemical controls on bismuth mineralization: An example from Moutoulas, Serifos Island, Cyclades, Greece
  9. Special collection: Earth analogs for martian geological materials and processes
  10. Geochemistry and mineralogy of a saprolite developed on Columbia River Basalt: Secondary clay formation, element leaching, and mass balance during weathering
  11. Special collection: Apatite: A common mineral, uncommonly versatile
  12. An ab-initio study of the energetics and geometry of sulfide, sulfite, and sulfate incorporation into apatite: The thermodynamic basis for using this system as an oxybarometer
  13. Special collection: Dynamics of magmatic processes
  14. The role of modifier cations in network cation coordination increases with pressure in aluminosilicate glasses and melts from 1 to 3 GPa
  16. Nitrides and carbonitrides from the lowermost mantle and their importance in the search for Earth’s “lost” nitrogen
  18. Accounting for the species-dependence of the 3500 cm−1 H2Ot infrared molar absorptivity coefficient: Implications for hydrated volcanic glasses
  20. A finite strain approach to thermal expansivity’s pressure dependence
  22. Ilmenite breakdown and rutile-titanite stability in metagranitoids: Natural observations and experimental results
  24. Single-crystal equations of state of magnesiowüstite at high pressures
  26. Analysis of erionites from volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and possible implications for toxicological research
  28. Reconstructive phase transitions induced by temperature in gmelinite-Na zeolite
  30. Smoking gun for thallium geochemistry in volcanic arcs: Nataliyamalikite, TlI, a new thallium mineral from an active fumarole at Avacha Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
  32. How to facet gem-quality chrysoberyl: Clues from the relationship between color and pleochroism, with spectroscopic analysis and colorimetric parameters
  33. Letter
  34. Mn-Fe systematics in major planetary body reservoirs in the solar system and the positioning of the Angrite Parent Body: A crystal-chemical perspective
  35. Letter
  36. Dolomite-IV: Candidate structure for a carbonate in the Earth’s lower mantle
  37. Book Review
  38. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6053
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Pebble; Kaskanak; porphyry; Cu-Au-Mo; southwest Alaska; SW Alaska Range; Cretaceous

Artikel in diesem Heft

  2. How many boron minerals occur in Earth’s upper crust?
  3. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials
  4. Network analysis of mineralogical systems
  5. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  6. Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Kaskanak Batholith and genesis of the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska
  7. Special collection: From magmas to ore deposits
  8. Physicochemical controls on bismuth mineralization: An example from Moutoulas, Serifos Island, Cyclades, Greece
  9. Special collection: Earth analogs for martian geological materials and processes
  10. Geochemistry and mineralogy of a saprolite developed on Columbia River Basalt: Secondary clay formation, element leaching, and mass balance during weathering
  11. Special collection: Apatite: A common mineral, uncommonly versatile
  12. An ab-initio study of the energetics and geometry of sulfide, sulfite, and sulfate incorporation into apatite: The thermodynamic basis for using this system as an oxybarometer
  13. Special collection: Dynamics of magmatic processes
  14. The role of modifier cations in network cation coordination increases with pressure in aluminosilicate glasses and melts from 1 to 3 GPa
  16. Nitrides and carbonitrides from the lowermost mantle and their importance in the search for Earth’s “lost” nitrogen
  18. Accounting for the species-dependence of the 3500 cm−1 H2Ot infrared molar absorptivity coefficient: Implications for hydrated volcanic glasses
  20. A finite strain approach to thermal expansivity’s pressure dependence
  22. Ilmenite breakdown and rutile-titanite stability in metagranitoids: Natural observations and experimental results
  24. Single-crystal equations of state of magnesiowüstite at high pressures
  26. Analysis of erionites from volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and possible implications for toxicological research
  28. Reconstructive phase transitions induced by temperature in gmelinite-Na zeolite
  30. Smoking gun for thallium geochemistry in volcanic arcs: Nataliyamalikite, TlI, a new thallium mineral from an active fumarole at Avacha Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
  32. How to facet gem-quality chrysoberyl: Clues from the relationship between color and pleochroism, with spectroscopic analysis and colorimetric parameters
  33. Letter
  34. Mn-Fe systematics in major planetary body reservoirs in the solar system and the positioning of the Angrite Parent Body: A crystal-chemical perspective
  35. Letter
  36. Dolomite-IV: Candidate structure for a carbonate in the Earth’s lower mantle
  37. Book Review
  38. Book Review
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