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Geochemistry and mineralogy of a saprolite developed on Columbia River Basalt: Secondary clay formation, element leaching, and mass balance during weathering

  • Leslie L. Baker EMAIL logo and Owen Kelly Neill
Published/Copyright: July 31, 2017
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 102 Issue 8

Abstract

This study presents chemical and mineralogical data on weathering trends in a saprolite that is preserved between flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group at Trinidad, Washington. Bulk chemistry, electron imaging, and X-ray mapping indicate early Fe and Mg depletion by dissolution of ferromagnesian minerals, followed by depletion of alkalis, Al, Ti, and P that corresponds to dissolution of feldspars, titanomagnetite, and apatite. Secondary coatings of nontronite clay in the deep saprolite display intricate, submicrometer-scale zoning in Fe and Mg content. Distinct aluminous zones in these clays become more prominent at shallower depths. The primary Fe-containing phase shifts from nontronite in deeper samples to hematite in shallow samples; samples at the boundary contain the assemblage kaolinite + nontronite, which may mark the transition from permeability-limited fluid flow to fully open-system behavior. This shift is observed in rocks that have lost 30–40% of the total rock mass to leaching, and coincides with the disappearance of feldspar, Fe-Ti oxides, and apatite. Rocks in the uppermost saprolite have been converted to an assemblage of Al-smectite + hematite (+kaolinite). These results suggest that the presence of nontronite in weathered samples may indicate weathering under conditions of limited permeability; however, it does not necessarily indicate weathering in a chemically closed system. These observations may be useful in interpreting the clay mineral assemblages observed on Mars and what information they contain about near-surface conditions in the planet’s ancient past.

Keywords: Nontronite; basalt weathering; EXAFS; XANES

Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html

Acknowledgments

We thank Sam Webb and Courtney Roach for support for synchrotron microprobe analyses on SSRL BL 2-3, Matthew Latimer and Erik Nelson for support for bulk XAS on BL 7-3, and Charlene Home and Archana Dahal for assistance with sample preparation and FTIR analyses. Thoughtful and constructive reviews by Javier Cuadros, Joel Hurowitz, and an anonymous reviewer provided the opportunity to significantly improve the manuscript. This research was partly funded by a seed grant from the Regents of the University of Idaho. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.

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Received: 2016-9-23
Accepted: 2017-4-3
Published Online: 2017-7-31
Published in Print: 2017-8-28

© 2017 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5964
Keywords for this article
Nontronite; basalt weathering; EXAFS; XANES

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  24. Single-crystal equations of state of magnesiowüstite at high pressures
  26. Analysis of erionites from volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and possible implications for toxicological research
  28. Reconstructive phase transitions induced by temperature in gmelinite-Na zeolite
  30. Smoking gun for thallium geochemistry in volcanic arcs: Nataliyamalikite, TlI, a new thallium mineral from an active fumarole at Avacha Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
  32. How to facet gem-quality chrysoberyl: Clues from the relationship between color and pleochroism, with spectroscopic analysis and colorimetric parameters
  33. Letter
  34. Mn-Fe systematics in major planetary body reservoirs in the solar system and the positioning of the Angrite Parent Body: A crystal-chemical perspective
  35. Letter
  36. Dolomite-IV: Candidate structure for a carbonate in the Earth’s lower mantle
  37. Book Review
  38. Book Review
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