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Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon

  • Robert M. Hazen EMAIL logo , Daniel R. Hummer , Grethe Hystad , Robert T. Downs und Joshua J. Golden
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 5. April 2016
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 101 Heft 4

Abstract

Studies in mineral ecology exploit mineralogical databases to document diversity-distribution relationships of minerals—relationships that are integral to characterizing “Earth-like” planets. As carbon is the most crucial element to life on Earth, as well as one of the defining constituents of a planet’s near-surface mineralogy, we focus here on the diversity and distribution of carbon-bearing minerals. We applied a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model to the 403 known minerals of carbon, using 82 922 mineral species/locality data tabulated in http://mindat.org (as of 1 January 2015). We find that all carbon-bearing minerals, as well as subsets containing C with O, H, Ca, or Na, conform to LNRE distributions.

Our model predicts that at least 548 C minerals exist on Earth today, indicating that at least 145 carbon-bearing mineral species have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, by analyzing subsets of the most common additional elements in carbon-bearing minerals (i.e., 378 C + O species; 282 C + H species; 133 C + Ca species; and 100 C + Na species), we predict that approximately 129 of these missing carbon minerals contain oxygen, 118 contain hydrogen, 52 contain calcium, and more than 60 contain sodium. The majority of these as yet undescribed minerals are predicted to be hydrous carbonates, many of which may have been overlooked because they are colorless, poorly crystalized, and/or water-soluble.

We tabulate 432 chemical formulas of plausible as yet undiscovered carbon minerals, some of which will be natural examples of known synthetic compounds, including carbides such as calcium carbide (CaC2), crystalline hydrocarbons such as pyrene (C16H10), and numerous oxalates, formates, anhydrous carbonates, and hydrous carbonates. Many other missing carbon minerals will be isomorphs of known carbon minerals, notably of the more than 100 different hydrous carbonate structures. Surveys of mineral localities with the greatest diversity of carbon minerals, coupled with information on varied C mineral occurrences, point to promising locations for the discovery of as yet undescribed minerals.

Keywords: Carbonates; hydrocarbons; oxalates; formates; carbides; mineral ecology; philosophy of mineralogy

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Jesse Ausubel, Edward Grew, Shaun Hardy, Margaret Hazen, John Hughes, Marcus Origlieri, Charles Prewitt, Craig Schiffries, Matthew Scott, and an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Deep Carbon Observatory and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, with additional contributions from the W.M. Keck Foundation, an anonymous private foundation, and the Carnegie Institution for Science.

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  44. Presentation of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Rodney C. Ewing
  45. Research Article
  46. Acceptance of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  47. Research Article
  48. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2015 to J. Alexander Speer
  49. Research Article
  50. Acceptance of the 2015 Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Public Service Award
  51. Research Article
  52. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016 to Patrick Cordier
  53. Research Article
  54. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016
  55. Book Review
  56. New Mineral Names*†
  57. Book Review
  58. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5546
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Carbonates; hydrocarbons; oxalates; formates; carbides; mineral ecology; philosophy of mineralogy

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Article
  2. Glass structure, melt structure, and dynamics: Some concepts for petrology
  3. Research Article
  4. The validity of plagioclase-melt geothermometry for degassing-driven magma crystallization
  5. Research Article
  6. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials: Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle: A petrological assessment of diamond as a recorder of the mantle nitrogen cycle
  7. Research Article
  8. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Contrasting P-T paths within the Barchi-Kol UHP terrain (Kokchetav Complex): Implications for subduction and exhumation of continental crust
  9. Research Article
  10. Special Collection: New Advances in Subduction Zone Magma Genesis: Experimental formation of pyroxenite veins by reactions between olivine and Si, Al, Ca, Na, and Cl-rich fluids at 800 °C and 800 MPa: Implications for fluid metasomatism in the mantle wedge
  11. Review
  12. Special Collection: Olivine: Rates and styles of planetary cooling on Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta, using new models for oxygen fugacity, ferric-ferrous ratios, olivine-liquid Fe-Mg exchange, and mantle potential temperature
  13. Research Article
  14. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Amphibole thermometers and barometers for igneous systems and some implications for eruption mechanisms of felsic magmas at arc volcanoes
  15. Research Article
  16. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Degassing of Hydrous Trachytic Campi Flegrei and Phonolitic Vesuvius Melts: Experimental Limitations and Chances to Study Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation
  17. Research Article
  18. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals: Crystal/melt partitioning of water and other volatiles during the near-solidus melting of mantle peridotite: Comparisons with non-volatile incompatible elements and implications for the generation of intraplate magmatism
  19. Research Article
  20. Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon
  21. Research Article
  22. Chromium, vanadium, and titanium valence systematics in Solar System pyroxene as a recorder of oxygen fugacity, planetary provenance, and processes
  23. Research Article
  24. Iron-titanium oxyhydroxides as water carriers in the Earth’s deep mantle
  25. Research Article
  26. Radiation damage in biotite mica by accelerated α-particles: A synchrotron microfocus X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy study
  27. Research Article
  28. Models for the estimation of Fe3+/Fetot ratio in terrestrial and extraterrestrial alkali- and iron-rich silicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy
  29. Research Article
  30. An advanced rotational rheometer system for extremely fluid liquids up to 1273 K and applications to alkali carbonate melts
  31. Research Article
  32. Experimental temperature cycling as a powerful tool to enlarge melt pools and crystals at magma storage conditions
  33. Research Article
  34. Exploring the potential of Raman spectroscopy for crystallochemical analyses of complex hydrous silicates: II. Tourmalines
  35. Research Article
  36. Crystal structure of a new compound, CuZnCl(OH)3, isostructural with botallackite
  37. Research Article
  38. Elastic wave velocities in polycrystalline Mg3Al2Si3O12-pyrope garnet to 24 GPa and 1300 K
  39. Research Article
  40. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015 to Nicholas J. Tosca
  41. Research Article
  42. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015
  43. Research Article
  44. Presentation of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Rodney C. Ewing
  45. Research Article
  46. Acceptance of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  47. Research Article
  48. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2015 to J. Alexander Speer
  49. Research Article
  50. Acceptance of the 2015 Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Public Service Award
  51. Research Article
  52. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016 to Patrick Cordier
  53. Research Article
  54. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016
  55. Book Review
  56. New Mineral Names*†
  57. Book Review
  58. Book Review
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