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Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Amphibole thermometers and barometers for igneous systems and some implications for eruption mechanisms of felsic magmas at arc volcanoes

  • Keith Putirka EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 5, 2016
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 101 Issue 4

Abstract

Calcic, igneous amphiboles are of special interest as their compositional diversity and common occurrence provide ample potential to investigate magmatic processes. But not all amphibole-based barometers lead to geologically useful information: recent and new tests reaffirm prior studies (e.g., Erdman et al. 2014), indicating that amphibole barometers are generally unable to distinguish between experiments conducted at 1 atm and at higher pressures, except under highly restrictive conditions. And the fault might not lie with experimental failure. Instead, the problem may relate to an intrinsic sensitivity of amphiboles to temperature (T) and liquid composition, rather than pressure. The exceptional conditions are those identified by Anderson and Smith (1995): current amphibole barometers are more likely to be useful when T < 800 °C and Fe#Amp= FeAmp/ (FeAmp+MgAmp) < 0.65. Experimentally grown and natural calcic amphiboles are here used to investigate amphibole solid solution behavior, and to calibrate new thermometers and tentative amphibole barometers that should be applicable to igneous systems generally.

Such analysis reveals that amphiboles are vastly less complex than may be inferred from published catalogs of end-member components. Most amphiboles, for example, consist largely of just three components: pargasite [NaCa2(Fm4Al)Si6Al2], kaersutite [NaCa2(Fm4Ti)Si6Al2O22(OH)], and tremolite + ferro-actinolite [Ca2Fm5Si8O22(OH)2, where Fm = Fe+Mn+Mg]. And nearly all remaining compositionalvariation can be described with just four others: alumino-tschermakite [Ca2(Fm3Al2)Si6Al2O22(OH)2], a Na-K-gedrite-like component [(Na, K)Fm6AlSi6Al2O22(OH)2], a ferri-ferrotschermakite-like component [Ca2(Fm3Fe2)Si6Al2O22(OH)2], and an as yet unrecognized component with 3 to 4 Al atoms per formula unit (apfu), 1 apfu each of Na and Ca, and <6 Si apfu, here termed aluminous kaersutite: NaCaFm4Ti(Fe3+, Al) Si5Al3O23(OH). None of these components, however, are significantly pressure (P) sensitive, leaving the Al-in-amphibole approach, with all its challenges, the best existing hope for an amphibole barometer. A new empirical barometer based on DAlsuccessfully differentiates experimental amphiboles crystallized at 1 to 8 kbar, at least when multiple P estimates, from multiple amphibole compositions, are averaged. Without such averaging however, amphibole barometry is a less certain proposition, providing ±2 kbar precision on individual estimates for calibration data, and ±4 kbar at best for test data; independent checks on P are thus needed. Amphibole compositions, however, provide for very effective thermometers, here based on DTi, DNa, and amphibole compositions alone, with precisions of ±30 °C. These new models, and tests for equilibrium, are collectively applied to Augustine volcano and the 2010 eruption at Merapi. Both localities reveal a significant cooling and crystallization interval (>190–270 °C) at pressures of 0.75 to 2.2 kbar at Augustine and Merapi, respectively, perhaps the likely depths from which pre-eruption magmas are stored. Such considerable intervals of cooling at shallow depths indicate that mafic magma recharge is not a proximal cause of eruption. Rather, eruption triggering is perhaps best explained by the classic “second boiling” concept, where post-recharge cooling and crystallization drive a magmatic system toward vapor saturation and positive buoyancy.

Keywords: Amphibole; hornblende; barometry; eruption triggering; crystallization; thermometry

Special collection information can be found at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html

Acknowledgments

Sincere thanks are extended to Lawford Anderson and an anonymous reviewer, and Associate Editor Renat Almeev. All three provided very insightful and critical reviews that greatly improved the final product. The AE and the anonymous reviewer had very perceptive comments regarding details of several models, and the use of water as an independent variable, while Anderson urged for a more clear test of earlier Al-in-hornblende calibrations. All these comments led to improvements in testing procedures. I also thank Mark Ghiorso for very helpful discussions and the AE for introducing me to the Na-K exchange thermometer of Helz (1979), which proved to yield a remarkably precise means of predicting T in the global experimental database. Finally, I thank the National Science Foundation for their generous support. This work grew out of two broadly related projects funded by NSF, 1250322 and 1250323.

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Received: 2015-6-21
Accepted: 2015-11-27
Published Online: 2016-4-5
Published in Print: 2016-4-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Glass structure, melt structure, and dynamics: Some concepts for petrology
  3. Research Article
  4. The validity of plagioclase-melt geothermometry for degassing-driven magma crystallization
  5. Research Article
  6. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials: Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle: A petrological assessment of diamond as a recorder of the mantle nitrogen cycle
  7. Research Article
  8. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Contrasting P-T paths within the Barchi-Kol UHP terrain (Kokchetav Complex): Implications for subduction and exhumation of continental crust
  9. Research Article
  10. Special Collection: New Advances in Subduction Zone Magma Genesis: Experimental formation of pyroxenite veins by reactions between olivine and Si, Al, Ca, Na, and Cl-rich fluids at 800 °C and 800 MPa: Implications for fluid metasomatism in the mantle wedge
  11. Review
  12. Special Collection: Olivine: Rates and styles of planetary cooling on Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta, using new models for oxygen fugacity, ferric-ferrous ratios, olivine-liquid Fe-Mg exchange, and mantle potential temperature
  13. Research Article
  14. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Amphibole thermometers and barometers for igneous systems and some implications for eruption mechanisms of felsic magmas at arc volcanoes
  15. Research Article
  16. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Degassing of Hydrous Trachytic Campi Flegrei and Phonolitic Vesuvius Melts: Experimental Limitations and Chances to Study Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation
  17. Research Article
  18. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals: Crystal/melt partitioning of water and other volatiles during the near-solidus melting of mantle peridotite: Comparisons with non-volatile incompatible elements and implications for the generation of intraplate magmatism
  19. Research Article
  20. Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon
  21. Research Article
  22. Chromium, vanadium, and titanium valence systematics in Solar System pyroxene as a recorder of oxygen fugacity, planetary provenance, and processes
  23. Research Article
  24. Iron-titanium oxyhydroxides as water carriers in the Earth’s deep mantle
  25. Research Article
  26. Radiation damage in biotite mica by accelerated α-particles: A synchrotron microfocus X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy study
  27. Research Article
  28. Models for the estimation of Fe3+/Fetot ratio in terrestrial and extraterrestrial alkali- and iron-rich silicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy
  29. Research Article
  30. An advanced rotational rheometer system for extremely fluid liquids up to 1273 K and applications to alkali carbonate melts
  31. Research Article
  32. Experimental temperature cycling as a powerful tool to enlarge melt pools and crystals at magma storage conditions
  33. Research Article
  34. Exploring the potential of Raman spectroscopy for crystallochemical analyses of complex hydrous silicates: II. Tourmalines
  35. Research Article
  36. Crystal structure of a new compound, CuZnCl(OH)3, isostructural with botallackite
  37. Research Article
  38. Elastic wave velocities in polycrystalline Mg3Al2Si3O12-pyrope garnet to 24 GPa and 1300 K
  39. Research Article
  40. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015 to Nicholas J. Tosca
  41. Research Article
  42. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015
  43. Research Article
  44. Presentation of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Rodney C. Ewing
  45. Research Article
  46. Acceptance of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  47. Research Article
  48. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2015 to J. Alexander Speer
  49. Research Article
  50. Acceptance of the 2015 Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Public Service Award
  51. Research Article
  52. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016 to Patrick Cordier
  53. Research Article
  54. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016
  55. Book Review
  56. New Mineral Names*†
  57. Book Review
  58. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5506
Keywords for this article
Amphibole; hornblende; barometry; eruption triggering; crystallization; thermometry

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Glass structure, melt structure, and dynamics: Some concepts for petrology
  3. Research Article
  4. The validity of plagioclase-melt geothermometry for degassing-driven magma crystallization
  5. Research Article
  6. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials: Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle: A petrological assessment of diamond as a recorder of the mantle nitrogen cycle
  7. Research Article
  8. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Contrasting P-T paths within the Barchi-Kol UHP terrain (Kokchetav Complex): Implications for subduction and exhumation of continental crust
  9. Research Article
  10. Special Collection: New Advances in Subduction Zone Magma Genesis: Experimental formation of pyroxenite veins by reactions between olivine and Si, Al, Ca, Na, and Cl-rich fluids at 800 °C and 800 MPa: Implications for fluid metasomatism in the mantle wedge
  11. Review
  12. Special Collection: Olivine: Rates and styles of planetary cooling on Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta, using new models for oxygen fugacity, ferric-ferrous ratios, olivine-liquid Fe-Mg exchange, and mantle potential temperature
  13. Research Article
  14. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Amphibole thermometers and barometers for igneous systems and some implications for eruption mechanisms of felsic magmas at arc volcanoes
  15. Research Article
  16. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth: Degassing of Hydrous Trachytic Campi Flegrei and Phonolitic Vesuvius Melts: Experimental Limitations and Chances to Study Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation
  17. Research Article
  18. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals: Crystal/melt partitioning of water and other volatiles during the near-solidus melting of mantle peridotite: Comparisons with non-volatile incompatible elements and implications for the generation of intraplate magmatism
  19. Research Article
  20. Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon
  21. Research Article
  22. Chromium, vanadium, and titanium valence systematics in Solar System pyroxene as a recorder of oxygen fugacity, planetary provenance, and processes
  23. Research Article
  24. Iron-titanium oxyhydroxides as water carriers in the Earth’s deep mantle
  25. Research Article
  26. Radiation damage in biotite mica by accelerated α-particles: A synchrotron microfocus X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy study
  27. Research Article
  28. Models for the estimation of Fe3+/Fetot ratio in terrestrial and extraterrestrial alkali- and iron-rich silicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy
  29. Research Article
  30. An advanced rotational rheometer system for extremely fluid liquids up to 1273 K and applications to alkali carbonate melts
  31. Research Article
  32. Experimental temperature cycling as a powerful tool to enlarge melt pools and crystals at magma storage conditions
  33. Research Article
  34. Exploring the potential of Raman spectroscopy for crystallochemical analyses of complex hydrous silicates: II. Tourmalines
  35. Research Article
  36. Crystal structure of a new compound, CuZnCl(OH)3, isostructural with botallackite
  37. Research Article
  38. Elastic wave velocities in polycrystalline Mg3Al2Si3O12-pyrope garnet to 24 GPa and 1300 K
  39. Research Article
  40. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015 to Nicholas J. Tosca
  41. Research Article
  42. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2015
  43. Research Article
  44. Presentation of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Rodney C. Ewing
  45. Research Article
  46. Acceptance of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  47. Research Article
  48. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2015 to J. Alexander Speer
  49. Research Article
  50. Acceptance of the 2015 Mineralogical Society of America Distinguished Public Service Award
  51. Research Article
  52. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016 to Patrick Cordier
  53. Research Article
  54. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2016
  55. Book Review
  56. New Mineral Names*†
  57. Book Review
  58. Book Review
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