Synthesis and emulsification properties of polyglyceryl estolides prepared from fatty acids
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Seng Soi Hoong
Seng Soi Hoong – Corresponding author, obtained his PhD (Chemistry) from the University of Warwick. His research interests are organic synthesis of estolide, glycerol derivatives, bio-lubricant and their applications.
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Arniza Mohd Zan
Arniza Mohd Zan – Co-author, obtained her M.Sc. (Chemistry) from the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are organic/enzymatic synthesis of sugar ester surfactants and their applications.
Nik Siti Mariam Nek Mat Din – Co-author, she is currently pursuing her M.Sc. (Chemistry) at the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are synthesis of glycerol derivatives and their applications.
Noor Armylisas Abu Hassan - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Organic Chemistry) from the University of East Anglia. Her research interests are organic synthesis of glycerol derivatives and bio-lubricants.
Sook Wah Tang - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Chemistry) from University Putra Malaysia. Her research interests are synthesis of bio-lubricants and their applications.
Norashikin Ahmad - Co-author, she is currently pursuing her PhD (Chemistry) at the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are cosmetic and personal care product formulations and evaluation.
Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Chemistry) from University Putra Malaysia. Her research interests are palm oil-based polyols and their applications in polyurethane products.
Zafarizal Aldrin Azizul Hasan- Co-author, obtained his PhD from University Putra Malaysia. His research interests are cosmetic formulation, efficacy and safety evaluation of cosmetic.
Abstract
Polyglyceryl polyricinoleate (PGPR) is an emulsifier produced by esterification of polyricinoleic acid and polyglycerol. Polyricinoleic acid is derived from ricinoleic acid, which is expensive compared to other fatty acids. Therefore, analogues of polyricinoleic acid should be made from less expensive fatty acids, such as oleic acid. Therefore, oleic acid was converted to polyhydroxy estolide (PE) by a reaction with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The PE was used as a substitute for polyricinoleic acid to produce PGPR analogues by direct esterification with polyglycerol and various fatty acids. The direct reaction between polyglycerol and PE produced a polyglyceryl estolide (PGE) with high viscosity and hydroxyl value, which limited its suitability as an emulsifier for the isopropyl myristate (IPM) and water system. Conversely, PGE prepared from lauric acid, polyglycerol and PE showed lower viscosity and hydroxyl value, resulting in a broad region of emulsion stability on a phase diagram when evaluated as a water-in-oil emulsifier for the IPM/water system. Similarly, other PGE made with oleic acid also displayed good emulsion stability for systems with higher IPM concentrations. In contrast, PGE prepared with stearic acid was a semi-solid at room temperature. Most of the prepared PGEs showed promising potential as emulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions.
Funding source: Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Award Identifier / Grant number: AOTD 102/2016
About the authors
Seng Soi Hoong – Corresponding author, obtained his PhD (Chemistry) from the University of Warwick. His research interests are organic synthesis of estolide, glycerol derivatives, bio-lubricant and their applications.
Arniza Mohd Zan – Co-author, obtained her M.Sc. (Chemistry) from the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are organic/enzymatic synthesis of sugar ester surfactants and their applications.
Nik Siti Mariam Nek Mat Din – Co-author, she is currently pursuing her M.Sc. (Chemistry) at the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are synthesis of glycerol derivatives and their applications.
Noor Armylisas Abu Hassan - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Organic Chemistry) from the University of East Anglia. Her research interests are organic synthesis of glycerol derivatives and bio-lubricants.
Sook Wah Tang - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Chemistry) from University Putra Malaysia. Her research interests are synthesis of bio-lubricants and their applications.
Norashikin Ahmad - Co-author, she is currently pursuing her PhD (Chemistry) at the National University of Malaysia. Her research interests are cosmetic and personal care product formulations and evaluation.
Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan Ismail - Co-author, obtained her PhD (Chemistry) from University Putra Malaysia. Her research interests are palm oil-based polyols and their applications in polyurethane products.
Zafarizal Aldrin Azizul Hasan- Co-author, obtained his PhD from University Putra Malaysia. His research interests are cosmetic formulation, efficacy and safety evaluation of cosmetic.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the management of MPOB for research funding and permission to publish this article. We would like to express our gratitude to the following persons for analyses conducted on the prepared samples: Selasiah Abdullah, Ahmad Lutfi Md Yusof, Sapiah Hashim, Mohd Taib Samsudin, Makmor Abd. Wahab, Norizan Ali and Shmsualkamar Abdullah.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Research funding: The research was funded by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board.
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Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Short Communication
- Removal of indomethacin from water using covalent organic polymers
- EU CLP Regulation
- The EU Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’ – an industry approach for the EU CLP classification of detergent and cleaning products for skin and eye effects
- Dishwashing
- Short and sweet: balancing energy savings and cleaning performance to identify efficient short-cycles for domestic dishwashers
- Saving resources without sacrificing results: an empirical investigation of the dishwashing reality of British consumers in an international comparison
- Synthesis
- Synthesis and emulsification properties of polyglyceryl estolides prepared from fatty acids
- Hydroformylation of branched olefins catalyzed by Co2(CO)8 for synthesis of branched alcohol ethoxylates and their surfactant properties
- Physical Chemistry
- Rheological characterization on novel viscoelastic tetrameric polyhydroxy cationic surfactant/sodium chloride micelle solutions
- Dynamic light scattering study on quercetin/surfactant/solvent system
- Comparative studies on physicochemical properties of cadmium and neodymium soaps in solid-state
- Enhanced removal of toxic Disperse Blue 35 dye through cloud point extraction: influence of parameters and solvent regeneration
- Review Article
- Cationic Gemini surfactants: a review on synthesis and their applications
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Short Communication
- Removal of indomethacin from water using covalent organic polymers
- EU CLP Regulation
- The EU Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’ – an industry approach for the EU CLP classification of detergent and cleaning products for skin and eye effects
- Dishwashing
- Short and sweet: balancing energy savings and cleaning performance to identify efficient short-cycles for domestic dishwashers
- Saving resources without sacrificing results: an empirical investigation of the dishwashing reality of British consumers in an international comparison
- Synthesis
- Synthesis and emulsification properties of polyglyceryl estolides prepared from fatty acids
- Hydroformylation of branched olefins catalyzed by Co2(CO)8 for synthesis of branched alcohol ethoxylates and their surfactant properties
- Physical Chemistry
- Rheological characterization on novel viscoelastic tetrameric polyhydroxy cationic surfactant/sodium chloride micelle solutions
- Dynamic light scattering study on quercetin/surfactant/solvent system
- Comparative studies on physicochemical properties of cadmium and neodymium soaps in solid-state
- Enhanced removal of toxic Disperse Blue 35 dye through cloud point extraction: influence of parameters and solvent regeneration
- Review Article
- Cationic Gemini surfactants: a review on synthesis and their applications
